Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................................................xiii Author.......................................................................................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1 Management of Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens – Exclusion and Prevention Strategies............................... 1 1.1 Exclusion of Microbial Plant Pathogens........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Use of Disease-Free Seeds and Propagules..................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Prevention of Pathogen Entry through Plant Quarantines............................................................... 2 1.1.3 Impact of Introduced Microbial Plant Pathogens............................................................................ 3 1.1.3.1 Potato Late Blight Disease............................................................................................... 3 1.1.3.2 Banana Fusarium Wilt Disease........................................................................................ 3 1.1.3.3 Potato Virus Diseases....................................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Removal of Infected Plant Tissues................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Soil Health Management............................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Cultural Practices............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1.1 Disposal of Infected Plants and Residues......................................................................... 5 1.2.1.2 Tillage Practices............................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1.3 Propagation Practices....................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1.4 Date of Planting/Sowing and Planting Density................................................................ 8 1.2.1.5 Canopy Management Practices........................................................................................ 9 1.2.1.6 Irrigation Practices......................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1.7 Crop Nutrition................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1.8 Effects of Other Crops.................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Physical Techniques.................................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 Heat Treatments............................................................................................................................. 28 1.3.2 Radiation Treatments..................................................................................................................... 31 1.4 Chemical Techniques.................................................................................................................................. 31 1.4.1 Treatment of Irrigation Water........................................................................................................ 31 1.4.2 Treatment of Soil............................................................................................................................ 32 1.4.3 Treatment of Tools.......................................................................................................................... 32 References.............................................................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter 2 Management of Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens: Improvement of Host Plant Resistance........................... 39 2.1 Types of Disease Resistance........................................................................................................................ 39 2.1.1 Vertical Resistance......................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.2 Horizontal Resistance.................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Host Plant Resistance to Soilborne Fungal Pathogens................................................................................ 41 2.2.1 Genetic Basis of Disease Resistance.............................................................................................. 41 2.2.1.1 Screening for Disease Resistance................................................................................... 41 2.2.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungal Pathogens........................................................................... 73 2.2.2.1 Gene-for-Gene Interactions in Plant Host–Pathogen Systems....................................... 75 2.2.2.2 Nonhost Resistance to Fungal Pathogens....................................................................... 80 2.2.2.3 Enhancement of Resistance through Rootstocks............................................................ 81 2.2.2.4 Plant Defense Mechanisms............................................................................................. 82 2.3 Host Plant Resistance to Soilborne Bacterial Pathogens............................................................................. 95 2.3.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens...................................................................... 95 2.3.1.1 Screening for Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens........................................................... 95 2.3.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens........................................................................ 99 2.4 Host Plant Resistance to Soilborne Viral Pathogens................................................................................. 103 2.4.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance to Viruses........................................................................................ 104 2.4.2 Mechanisms of Resistance to Soilborne Viruses......................................................................... 109 2.5 Transgenic Resistance to Soilborne Microbial Pathogens.........................................................................110 2.5.1 Transgenic Resistance to Fungal Pathogens.................................................................................111 2.5.1.1 Employing Genes from Wild Relatives for Transformation..........................................111 2.5.1.2 Targeting Structural Components of Fungal Pathogens................................................112 2.5.1.3 Employing Genes Expressing Antifungal Proteins.......................................................114 2.5.1.4 Use of Genes for Modifying Host Plant Metabolism....................................................115 2.5.2 Transgenic Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens..............................................................................116 2.5.2.1 Transfer of Genes from Nonhost Plants........................................................................116 2.5.2.2 Use of Genes Encoding Antibacterial Proteins of Diverse Origin................................116 2.5.3 Transgenic Resistance to Viral Pathogens....................................................................................117 2.5.3.1 Pathogen-Derived Resistance........................................................................................117 References.............................................................................................................................................................119 Chapter 3 Management of Soilborne Microbial Plan Pathogens: Biological Management of Crop Diseases..................... 135 3.1 Assessment of Biological Control Potential of Biotic Agents................................................................... 135 3.1.1 Fungal Biological Control Agents................................................................................................ 135 3.1.1.1 Assessment of Biocontrol Potential of Fungal Isolates................................................ 136 3.1.2 Mycorrhizal Biological Control Agents....................................................................................... 145 3.1.2.1 Assessment of Biological Control Potential................................................................. 146 3.1.3 Bacterial Biological Control Agents............................................................................................ 149 3.1.3.1 Assessment of Biological Control Potential of Bacterial Isolates................................ 150 3.1.4 Viral Biological Control Agents................................................................................................... 159 3.1.4.1 Viruses Infecting Fungal Pathogens............................................................................. 159 3.1.4.2 Viruses Infecting Bacterial Pathogens......................................................................... 160 3.1.4.3 Cross-Protection with Mild Strains of Plant Viruses................................................... 162 3.1.5 Mechanisms of Action of Biotic Biocontrol Agents.................................................................... 162 3.1.5.1 Fungal Biological Control Agents................................................................................ 162 3.1.5.2 Bacterial Biological Control Agents..............................................................................173 3.1.6 Formulations of Biological Products............................................................................................ 183 3.1.6.1 Development of Formulations...................................................................................... 183 3.2 Assessment of Biocontrol Potential of Abiotic Agents............................................................................. 187 3.2.1 Natural Products of Plant and Animal Origin............................................................................. 187 3.2.1.1 Effects of Composts...................................................................................................... 187 3.2.1.2 Effects of Plant Residues...............................................................................................191 3.2.1.3 Effects of Plant Products.............................................................................................. 193 3.2.1.4 Effects of Animal Products.......................................................................................... 194 3.2.2 Synthetic Organic Compounds.................................................................................................... 196 3.2.2.1 Salicylic Acid................................................................................................................ 196 3.2.2.2 Benzothiadiazole.......................................................................................................... 197 3.2.2.3 s-Aminobutyric Acid.................................................................................................... 198 3.2.2.4 Glycerol......................................................................................................................... 199 3.2.2.5 Ethanol.......................................................................................................................... 199 3.2.3 Inorganic Chemicals.................................................................................................................... 199 References............................................................................................................................................................ 201 Chapter 4 Management of Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens: Chemical Application....................................................217 4.1 Assessment of Activity of Chemicals Against Fungal Pathogens..............................................................217 4.1.1 Laboratory Tests............................................................................................................................218 4.1.1.1 Agar-Amended Assay....................................................................................................218 4.1.1.2 Microbioassay............................................................................................................... 221 4.1.1.3 Colorimetric Bioassay................................................................................................... 221 4.1.1.4 Nanoparticles Assay..................................................................................................... 221 4.1.2 Methods of Application of Chemicals......................................................................................... 222 4.1.2.1 Treatment of Seeds/Propagules.................................................................................... 222 4.1.2.2 Treatment of Aerial Plant Organs................................................................................. 224 4.1.2.3 Pre-Plant Dip Treatment of Crowns/Roots................................................................... 227 4.1.2.4 Treatment of Soil.......................................................................................................... 227 4.1.2.5 Fungicide Application Based on Weather-Based Advisories....................................... 232 4.1.2.6 Dissipation Dynamics of Fungicides............................................................................ 232 4.1.3 Resistance of Fungal Pathogens to Fungicides............................................................................ 234 4.1.3.1 In Vitro Assessment of Fungicide Resistance.............................................................. 235 4.1.3.2 Greenhouse Assessment of Fungicide Resistance in Pathogens..................................240 4.1.3.3 Field Assessment of Fungicide Resistance in Pathogens..............................................240 4.1.3.4 Distribution of Pathogen Isolates Resistant to Fungicides........................................... 241 4.1.3.5 Fungicide Resistance Induced by Mutation in Fungal Pathogens................................ 241 4.1.3.6 Molecular Characterization and Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance...................... 243 4.1.3.7 Inheritance of Resistance to Fungicides.......................................................................244 4.1.4 Mechanisms of Action of Fungicides........................................................................................... 245 4.1.5 Effects of Chemical Application on Nontarget Organisms......................................................... 249 4.2 Assessment of Activities of Chemicals Against Bacterial Pathogens....................................................... 249 4.2.1 Use of Disinfectants..................................................................................................................... 249 4.2.2 Use of Bactericides....................................................................................................................... 250 References............................................................................................................................................................ 250 Chapter 5 Management of Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens: Development of Integrated Disease Management Systems............................................................................................................................. 257 5.1 Components of Integrated Disease Management Systems........................................................................ 257 5.2 Management of Diseases of Agricultural Crops....................................................................................... 258 5.2.1 Wheat Diseases............................................................................................................................ 258 5.2.1.1 Wheat-Take-All Disease............................................................................................... 258 5.2.1.2 Rhizoctonia Bare Patch Disease................................................................................... 259 5.2.2 Rice Sheath Blight Disease.......................................................................................................... 259 5.2.3 Cotton Diseases............................................................................................................................ 260 5.2.3.1 Verticillium Wilt Disease............................................................................................. 260 5.2.3.2 Seedling Diseases......................................................................................................... 260 5.2.3.3 Root Rot Disease.......................................................................................................... 261 5.2.4 Soybean Diseases......................................................................................................................... 261 5.2.4.1 Damping-Off/Root Rot Disease................................................................................... 261 5.2.4.2 Sclerotinia Stem Rot Disease........................................................................................ 261 5.2.5 Chickpea Diseases........................................................................................................................ 261 5.2.5.1 Fusarium Wilt Disease................................................................................................. 261 5.2.5.2 Ascochyta Blight Disease............................................................................................. 262 5.2.5.3 Damping-Off Disease................................................................................................... 262 5.2.6 Peanut Diseases............................................................................................................................ 262 5.2.6.1 Root Rot Disease.......................................................................................................... 262 5.2.6.2 Sclerotinia Stem Blight Disease................................................................................... 263 5.2.6.3 Stem Rot Disease.......................................................................................................... 263 5.2.6.4 Collar Rot Disease........................................................................................................ 264 5.2.7 Canola Diseases........................................................................................................................... 264 5.2.7.1 Sclerotinia Stem Rot Disease........................................................................................ 264 5.2.7.2 Rhizoctonia Root Rot Disease...................................................................................... 264 5.2.7.3 Blackleg Disease........................................................................................................... 264 5.2.7.4 Clubroot disease........................................................................................................... 264 5.3 Management of Diseases of Horticultural Crops...................................................................................... 265 5.3.1 Tomato Diseases........................................................................................................................... 265 5.3.1.1 Damping-Off Diseases................................................................................................. 265 5.3.1.2 Fusarium Wilt Disease................................................................................................. 265 5.3.1.3 Late Blight Disease....................................................................................................... 266 5.3.1.4 Bacterial Wilt Disease.................................................................................................. 266 5.3.2 Potato Diseases............................................................................................................................. 267 5.3.2.1 Late Blight and Tuber Blight Disease........................................................................... 267 5.3.2.2 Verticillium Wilt Disease............................................................................................. 267 5.3.2.3 Stem Canker and Black Scurf Disease......................................................................... 267 5.3.2.4 Scab Diseases............................................................................................................... 268 5.3.2.5 Blackleg and Soft Rot Disease...................................................................................... 268 5.3.3 Pepper Diseases............................................................................................................................ 268 5.3.3.1 Verticillium Wilt Disease............................................................................................. 268 5.3.3.2 Crown and Root Rot Disease........................................................................................ 268 5.3.4 Cucurbit Fusarium Wilt Disease.................................................................................................. 268 5.3.5 Allium White Rot Disease........................................................................................................... 269 5.3.6 Sugar Beet Root and Crown Rot Disease..................................................................................... 269 5.3.7 Cabbage Diseases......................................................................................................................... 269 5.3.7.1 Yellows Disease............................................................................................................ 269 5.3.7.2 Damping-Off Disease................................................................................................... 270 5.3.7.3 Clubroot Disease........................................................................................................... 270 5.3.8 Lettuce Diseases........................................................................................................................... 270 5.3.8.1 Sclerotinia Rot Disease................................................................................................. 270 5.2.8.2 Verticillium Wilt Disease............................................................................................. 270 5.3.9 Banana Panama (Fusarium) Wilt Disease................................................................................... 270 5.3.10 Strawberry Diseases..................................................................................................................... 271 5.3.11 Tobacco Diseases......................................................................................................................... 272 5.3.11.1 Black Rot Disease......................................................................................................... 272 5.3.11.2 Black Shank Disease.................................................................................................... 272 References............................................................................................................................................................ 272 Index.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 277

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Narayanasamy, P: Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Dis Management of Crop Diseases

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