Preface to the First Edition.
Preface to the Second Edition.
1. Introduction: The Wireless Communication Channel.
1.1 INTRODUCTION.
1.2 CONCEPT OF A WIRELESS CHANNEL.
1.3 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.
1.4 HISTORY.
1.5 SYSTEM TYPES.
1.6 AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS.
1.7 CELLULAR NETWORKS.
1.8 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT.
1.9 TRAFFIC.
1.10 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING.
1.11 AVAILABLE DATA RATES.
1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK.
1.13 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS 23
2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves.
2.1 INTRODUCTION.
2.2 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS.
2.3 PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES.
2.4 POLARISATION.
2.5 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
3. Propagation Mechanisms.
3.1 INTRODUCTION.
3.2 REFLECTION, REFRACTION AND TRANSMISSION.
3.3 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING.
3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS.
3.5 DIFFRACTION.
3.6 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
4. Antenna Fundamentals.
4.1 INTRODUCTION.
4.2 PRINCIPLES.
4.3 ANTENNA PARAMETERS.
4.4 PRACTICAL DIPOLES.
4.5 ANTENNA ARRAYS.
4.6 HORN ANTENNAS.
4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS.
4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS.
4.9 PATCH ANTENNAS.
4.10 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
5. Basic Propagation Models.
5.1 INTRODUCTION.
5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS.
5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS.
5.4 NOISE MODELLING.
5.5 FREE SPACE LOSS.
5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS.
5.7 LINK BUDGETS.
5.8 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCE.
PROBLEMS.
6. Terrestrial Fixed Links.
6.1 INTRODUCTION.
6.2 PATH PROFILES.
6.3 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION.
6.4 OBSTRUCTION LOSS.
6.5 APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION.
6.6 THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL.
6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE SIZE.
6.8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION.
6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER.
6.10 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
7. Satellite Fixed Links.
7.1 INTRODUCTION.
7.2 TROPOSPHERIC EFFECTS.
7.3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS.
7.4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS.
7.5 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
8. Macrocells.
8.1 INTRODUCTION.
8.2 DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS.
8.3 EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS.
8.4 PHYSICAL MODELS.
8.5 ITU-R MODELS.
8.6 COMPARISON OF MODELS.
8.7 COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS.
8.8 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
9. Shadowing.
9.1 INTRODUCTION.
9.2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION.
9.3 PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SHADOWING.
9.4 IMPACT ON COVERAGE.
9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY.
9.6 CORRELATED SHADOWING.
9.7 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
10. Narrowband Fast Fading.
10.1 INTRODUCTION.
10.2 BASEBAND CHANNEL REPRESENTATION.
10.3 THE AWGN CHANNEL.
10.4 THE NARROWBAND FADING CHANNEL.
10.5 WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE?
10.6 THE RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION.
10.7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL.
10.8 THE RICE DISTRIBUTION.
10.9 THE NAKAGAMI- m DISTRIBUTION.
10.10 OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS.
10.11 SECOND-ORDER FAST-FADING STATISTICS.
10.12 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION.
10.13 NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS.
10.14 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
11. Wideband Fast Fading.
11.1 INTRODUCTION.
11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING.
11.3 WIDEBAND CHANNEL MODEL.
11.4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS.
11.5 FREQUENCY DOMAIN EFFECTS.
11.6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS.
11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN FIXED LINKS.
11.8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS.
11.9 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
12. Microcells.
12.1 INTRODUCTION.
12.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS.
12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS.
12.4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS.
12.5 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS.
12.6 DISCUSSION.
12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING.
12.8 NARROWBAND FADING.
12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS.
12.10 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
13. Picocells.
13.1 INTRODUCTION.
13.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS.
13.3 PHYSICAL MODELS OF INDOOR PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS.
13.4 MODELS OF PROPAGATION INTO BUILDINGS.
13.5 CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS OF BUILDING MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL MODELS.
13.6 SHADOWING.
13.7 MULTIPATH EFFECTS.
13.8 ULTRA-WIDEBAND INDOOR PROPAGATION.
13.9 PROPAGATION IN TUNNELS AND OTHER ENCLOSED SPACES.
13.10 DISCUSSION.
13.11 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR INDOOR AND ENCLOSED SPACE APPLICATIONS.
13.12 INDOOR LINK BUDGETS.
13.13 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
14. Megacells.
14.1 INTRODUCTION.
14.2 SHADOWING AND FAST FADING.
14.3 EMPIRICAL NARROWBAND MODELS.
14.4 STATISTICAL MODELS.
14.5 SHADOWING STATISTICS.
14.6 PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL MODELS FOR BUILT-UP AREAS.
14.7 WIDEBAND MODELS.
14.8 MULTI-SATELLITE CORRELATIONS.
14.9 OVERALL MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL MODEL.
14.10 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
15. Antennas for Mobile Systems.
15.1 INTRODUCTION.
15.2 MOBILE TERMINAL ANTENNAS.
15.3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS.
15.4 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
16. Overcoming Narrowband Fading via Diversity.
16.1 INTRODUCTION.
16.2 CRITERIA FOR USEFUL BRANCHES.
16.3 SPACE DIVERSITY.
16.4 POLARISATION DIVERSITY.
16.5 TIME DIVERSITY.
16.6 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY.
16.7 COMBINING METHODS.
16.8 DIVERSITY FOR MICROWAVE LINKS.
16.9 MACRODIVERSITY.
16.10 TRANSMIT DIVERSITY.
16.11 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
17. Overcoming Wideband Fading.
17.1 INTRODUCTION.
17.2 SYSTEM MODELLING.
17.3 LINEAR EQUALISERS.
17.4 ADAPTIVE EQUALISERS.
17.5 NON-LINEAR EQUALISERS.
17.6 RAKE RECEIVERS.
17.7 OFDM RECEIVERS.
17.8 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
18. Adaptive Antennas.
18.1 INTRODUCTION.
18.2 BASIC CONCEPTS.
18.3 ADAPTIVE ANTENNA APPLICATIONS.
18.4 OPTIMUM COMBINING.
18.5 MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SYSTEMS.
18.6 ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS IN A PRACTICAL SYSTEM.
18.7 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
19. Channel Measurements for Mobile Systems.
19.1 INTRODUCTION.
19.2 APPLICATIONS FOR CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS.
19.3 IMPACT OF MEASUREMENT INACCURACIES.
19.4 SIGNAL SAMPLING ISSUES.
19.5 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS.
19.6 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION.
19.7 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS.
19.8 INDOOR MEASUREMENTS.
19.9 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
PROBLEMS.
20. Future Developments in the Wireless Communication Channel.
20.1 INTRODUCTION.
20.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DATA.
20.3 ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS.
20.4 PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL CHANNEL MODELLING.
20.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHANNEL MODELS.
20.6 REAL-TIME CHANNEL PREDICTIONS.
20.7 INTELLIGENT ANTENNAS.
20.8 DISTRIBUTED AND AD-HOC CELL ARCHITECTURES.
20.9 CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
Appendix A Statistics, Probability and Stochastic Processes.
A.1 INTRODUCTION.
A.2 SINGLE RANDOM VARIABLES.
A.3 MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES.
A.4 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION AND CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM.
A.5 RANDOM PROCESSES.
REFERENCES.
Appendix B Tables and Data.
B.1 NORMAL (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION.
B.2 ERROR FUNCTION.
B.3 FRESNEL INTEGRALS.
B.4 GAMMA FUNCTION.
B.5 BESSEL FUNCTION.
REFERENCE.
Abbreviations.
Index.
