CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Need for Improving Primary Social Studies
Our Partnership
Searching for a Feasible Method
Barbara Joins the Team
Negotiating Understandings and Inducing Principles
Focus of the Book
CHAPTER 2. PRIOR RESEARCH ON PRIMARY SOCIAL STUDIES
The Need for a Powerful Content Base In Early Social Studies
The Expanding Communities Sequence
Cultural Universals as Unit Topics
Teaching Cultural Universals for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application
Topical Organization of Curriculum
Teaching for Conceptual Change
Addressing Prior Knowledge and Misconceptions
NCSS Standards
Other Research
CHAPTER 3. GENERIC ASPECTS OF OUR INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS
Our Approach Compared to Alternatives
Developing the Unit Plans
Sequencing the Lessons
Pilot Testing and Revisions
Key Characteristics of the Units
Example Unit Outline: Shelter
Incorporating the Units Within the Larger Curriculum
CHAPTER 4 USING NARRATIVE TO BUILD A CONTENT BASE
The Special Challenges of Teaching Young Children
Narrative Structures as Teaching Tools
Barbara’s Use of Narrative
Clothing in the Past
The Story of Bananas
Concluding Observations
CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURING THE CURRICULUM AROUND BIG IDEAS
Focus on Powerful Ideas
Three Layers of Powerful Ideas for Teaching
Barbara’s Focus on Big Ideas
Maintaining Focus on Big Ideas without Getting Sidetracked
Techniques for Focusing Students’ Attention on Big Ideas
Cultural Universals
Food
Clothing
Transportation
Communication
CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS ABOUT HISTORY
Teaching History for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application
Barbara’s History Teaching
Countering Presentism
Co-constructing Timelines
An Example
Adapting Timelines to the Content
CHAPTER 7 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS: GEOGRAPHY
The Five Fundamental Themes of Geography
NCSS Standards Relating to Geography
Teaching Geography for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application
Barbara’s Geography Teaching
A Map Lesson
Incorporating Geographic Context Into Other Lessons
CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS: THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Anthropology (Cultural Studies)
Barbara’s Teaching About Culture
Economic Development
Cultural Differences
Economics
Barbara’s Teaching About Economics
Political Science (Civics and Government)
Barbara’s Teaching About Civics and Government
CHAPTER 9: USING INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
Teaching with Visuals
Books
Photos and Illustrations
Video and Other Technology
Constructed Learning Resources
Charts
Lists
An Example
Word Webs
Graphs
Barbara’s Nine Principles
CHAPTER 10 MAKING CONNECTIONS AND AVOIDING UNDESIRED CONTENT
Making Connections
Foreshadowing
Tie-backs
Integrating Across Subjects
Controlling Students’ Exposure to Anomalies and Misconceptions
Anomalies
Misconceptions
Controlling Students’ Exposure to Undesired Content
Economic Disparities
Taboo Topics
Negative Emotions
Magic Words
Developing Big Ideas
CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCING NEW KNOWLEDGE BASES
Adapting and Elaborating Lesson Plans
Choosing Physical Settings
Choosing Instructional Resources
Developing Skills
Starting by Eliciting Wonders
Establishing the Initial Knowledge Base
Starting with the Prototypical
Building on Prior Knowledge
An Example
Alternative Topic Introductions
Building on Previous Lessons
Starting with a Question
Addressing Strong Interests First
Purposeful Sets of Examples
Introducing and Controlling Vocabulary
Deciding Which Terms and Distinctions to Teach
Tailoring Definitions to Instructional Goals
Enriching Understandings
Planned Redundancy
Other Vocabulary Teaching Techniques
Dropping in Definitions and Explanations on the Fly
CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE BASES THROUGH STRUCTURED DISCOURSE
Supporting Learning Through Focused Content and Planned Redundancy
Sustaining Lesson Flow via Elaborations
Graduated Questioning
Scaffolding Learning and Retention
Establishing Prototype Images to Anchor Networks of Content
Reviewing Earlier Lessons to Set Up Today’s Lesson
Reviewing to Consolidate Before Moving Forward
Modeling of Interior Dialogue
Scaffolding Students’ Thinking and Information Processing
From Transmission to Construction: A Gradual Shift
Shifting From Presenting to Eliciting Information
Reverting from Eliciting to Presenting
Opening to Student Questions and Comments
CHAPTER 13 USING QUESTIONS TO DEVELOP CONTENT WITH
THE WHOLE CLASS
Timing and Frequency of Questions
Types and Functions of Questions
Socializing Students’ Attention and Participation
Calling for Choral Responses
Protecting Individuals’ Response Opportunities
Juggling Whole-Class and Individual-Student Agendas
Maintaining the Flow During Questioning Segments
Increasing the Probability of Desired Responses
Embedding Scaffolding Within Questions
Maintaining the Flow When Questions Do Not Elicit Desired Responses
Undesired but Usable Responses
Inability to Respond Correctly
Responding to Answers that Are Correct But Undesired in the Context
Responding to Unexpected Problems During Questioning Sequences
Summary: Maintaining the Flow
Interruption and Shifts in Anticipated Lesson Flow
Adapting Scaffolding Routines to Students and Situations
CHAPTER 14 SCAFFOLDING FOR INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS WITHIN WHOLE-CLASS LESSONS
Scaffolding to Elicit Improved Responses
Students’ Questions and Comments
Teachable Moments
Responding to Unhelpful Student Questions and Comments
When Barbara Has to Stop and Regroup
CHAPTER 15 ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS
Barbara’s Use and Adaptation of Suggested Activities
Pair-Share Activities
Other Review Activities
Ticket-Out Activities
Writing Activities
Other Common Activities
Less Frequent Activities
Home Assignments
Assessment
Barbara’s Approach to Assessment
Formal and Informal Assessment
Conclusion
