Acronyms xi
Preface xv
1. Livestock Health Policy: the Basics 3
Introduction 3
What Are Global Livestock Health Policies? 4
How Are Livestock Health Policies Developed? 4
Driving Forces and Framers of Livestock Health Policies 5
Elements of the Global Livestock Health Policy Hierarchy 9
International Livestock Health Policies 12
Administration of Livestock Health Policies 12
Communication of Livestock Health Policies 13
Broad-Based Constituencies and Complex Issues Create Challenges 13
Complex Interactions Among Science Politics and Culture 13
Livestock Health Information Sources 23
The Crucial Role of Communication in Livestock Health Polices 23
Bibliography 24
2. Twentieth Century Progress and Change in Livestock Health 25
Introduction 25
Changing Livestock Production and Management Systems 26
Advances in Livestock Breeding and Reproductive Efficiency 27
Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Metabolic Diseases 30
Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Toxicologic Diseases 31
Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Parasitic Diseases 32
Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Diseases 33
Emergence of Antimicrobials in Livestock Health 35
Advances in Immunology 40
Improved Vaccines for Livestock Diseases 41
Progress Toward Understanding Vector-Borne Diseases 45
Emergence of Growth Promotants 45
Mechanized Systems for Processing Meat Poultry and Dairy Products 48
Improvements in Refrigeration and Transportation of Perishable Foods 50
Importance of Animal Health to Livestock Profitability, Human Health and Food Safety 50
Twentieth Century Global Dynamics' Impact on National Economies, Livestock Health and Human Health 51
Progress Produces Challenges and Presents Opportunities 52
Bibliography 52
3. Thirty Years That Shaped Livestock Health Policy 55
Introduction 55
Impact of Outbreaks of FMD 55
Appearance of the TSEs 60
Increasing Attention to Emerging Diseases 63
New Disease-Control and Eradication Campaigns 63
Growing Importance of Captive and Free-Ranging Wildlife to Livestock Health 64
Globalization Movement and Livestock Health Policies 66
Formation of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) 67
Prerogatives Surrounding the WTO SPS Principles and International Standards 69
Growing Public Concern About Animal Welfare 69
Growing Consumer Concern About Food Safety 70
Growing Concern About the Environment 71
Application of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis to Livestock Health Disciplines 72
The Age of Information Technology (IT) 79
Emergence of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 79
Bibliography 80
4. Components of Effective Livestock Health Infrastructures 83
Introduction 83
Regulatory Organization Authority and Responsibility 85
Establishing a Permanent Presence of Vigilant Livestock Owners and Veterinarians 85
Diagnostic Capacity 89
Diagnostic Laboratories in Exotic-Disease Exclusion 93
Disease-Control and Eradication Systems 93
Monitoring Surveillance and Reporting (MS&R) Systems 95
Credible International Livestock Health Reporting 101
Animal Health Information Systems 106
Animal Identification Systems 107
Biosecurity at National Borders Subnational Boundaries and Individual Properties 109
Emergency Livestock Disease Management 111
Oversight of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products 119
Linking the Private and Public Sectors of Livestock Health Activities 121
Academic and Diagnostic Communities in Livestock Health Infrastructures 128
User Fees and National Livestock Health Programs 128
Skillful Negotiators 129
Animal Science and Veterinary Medical Research Education and Outreach Programs 134
Broad-Based Livestock Health Partnerships 134
Livestock Health Organizations 135
External Reviews of National Livestock Health Infrastructures 135
Positive Media Relations 136
Summary 136
Bibliography 136
5. International Livestock Health Standards and Standard-Setting Organizations 139
Introduction 139
International Treaties Trade Agreements and Trading Blocs 140
International Standard-Setting Organizations 144
The WTO SPS Agreement 149
Dealing with Livestock Health Standards and Standard-Setting Organizations 163
Bibliography 165
6. Issues Surrounding Equitable Livestock Health Policies 167
Introduction 167
Objectives of Livestock Health Policies 168
Livestock Health Policies and the Welfare of Consumers 169
Livestock Health and Food Safety 169
Livestock Health Policies and the Well-Being of Livestock 171
Policies to Minimize the Impact of Domestic Livestock Diseases 172
Policies to Exclude Exotic Diseases 173
Assuring Safe and Effective Use of Livestock Drugs and Biologicals 174
Livestock Health Policies and the Prosperity of Livestock Owners and Associated Industries 174
Livestock Health Policies and Maintenance and Expansion of Global Markets 175
Characteristics of Competitive and Equitable Livestock Health Policies, 175
Developing Competitive and Equitable Livestock Health Policies 176
The Ever-Increasing Complexity of Livestock Health Policies 178
Governmental Administration of Livestock Health Policies 179
Legislative and Executive Authority Over Livestock Health Policies 182
Role of Special Interests 182
Use of Expert Panels 186
Positioning Compromise and Cooperation in Development of Livestock Health Policies 187
Bibliography 187
7. Challenges Facing Livestock Health in the Twenty-First Century 189
Introduction 189
Challenges in Food Safety 190
Protecting the Environment and Preserving Ecosystems 191
Potential Loss of the Cherished Small-Farm Lifestyle 192
Overcoming Public Concerns About GMOs 193
Challenges in Animal Welfare 194
Challenges in Deterring Terrorism 195
Challenges in Improving Management Practices 195
Challenges in Improving Monitoring Surveillance and Reporting (MS&R) 196
Challenges in Improving Animal Identification Systems 199
Challenges in Overcoming Increased Disease Risk of Confinement Operations 200
Gaining Support for Livestock Health Issues 201
Assuring the Safety Effectiveness and Availability of Animal Health Products 204
Addressing the Challenge of Global Food Distribution 205
Maintaining Support of Livestock Producers and Industry Organizations 205
Addressing Concerns of Opposition Groups 206
Balancing Legitimate Governmental Oversight With Excessive Central Control 206
Interacting Successfully With Varying Political and Cultural Viewpoints 206
Bibliography 208
8. A Look at the Future 209
Introduction 209
Predictable Twenty-First Century Trends 210
Unexpected Events and New Issues 210
Advancing Technology and Livestock Health Policies 211
Intensive Modernization of Livestock Production Practices 212
Changing Political and Cultural Dynamics 212
Changing Governmental Styles 214
Continued Resistance to Globalization 214
Concern With Emerging Diseases 215
Bioterrorism and Agroterrorism 215
Social and Environmental Expectations 216
Obligations and Challenges of National Leadership 216
Livestock Health: A Springboard to World Peace 216
International Egalitarianism and Resource Sharing 216
Public Perceptions and Scientific Uncertainty 217
Summary 217
Bibliography 218
9. Who Will Be the Leaders? 219
Introduction 219
Background of Leaders in Livestock Health 219
Leadership Skills and Abilities 220
Essential Communication Abilities and Skills 226
Interpersonal Skills 230
Running Effective Meetings 233
Who Will Be the Leaders? 234
Bibliography 234
10. Strategies for Effective Livestock Health Policy Action 237
Introduction 237
Foundation Stones of Livestock Health Policies 238
Building Blocks of Livestock Health Policies 244
Goals and Objectives of Livestock Health Policies 250
Seven Stages of Livestock Health Policy Development 251
Five-Tiered Hierarchy of Livestock Health Policy Development 253
Policy-Development Strategies 256
Effective Policy-Development Strategies 261
Major Categories of Livestock Health Policies 263
Strategies for Success in the New Global Economy 268
Summary 270
Bibliography 270
11. Discussion Topics 271
Introduction 271
Use of the Discussion Topics 271
Discussion Strategies 272
Discussion Topic 1: The European Union (EU) Beef Hormone Ban 273
Discussion Topic 2: Food-Safety Concerns in Integrated Agriculture 275
Discussion Topic 3: Animal Welfare Policies as Exclusionary Factors 278
Discussion Topic 4: Russian Importations of U.S. Poultry 280
Discussion Topic 5: The World Trade Organization (WTO) and National Sovereignty 285
Discussion Topic 6: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and the Precautionary Principle 288
Discussion Topic 7: Mexican Cattle and Tuberculosis (TB) Control 290
Discussion Topic 8: Compulsory or Voluntary Disease Reporting 292
Discussion Topic 9: Pressures from Producer Organizations 294
Discussion Topic 10: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Eradication Policies 295
Glossary 299
Index 321
