About This Resource vii
About the Authors xi
Acknowledgments xiv
Section 1 The K-12 School Counseling Program: The ASCA National Model 1
Foundation 2
List 1.1. Beliefs and Philosophy of the School Counseling Program 3
List 1.2. Components of a School Counseling Program Mission Statement 4
List 1.3. The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs 5
Delivery System 6
List 1.4. The Comprehensive School Counseling Program 6
List 1.5. School Counseling and Guidance Curriculum 8
List 1.6. Individual Student Planning 9
List 1.7. Responsive Services 10
List 1.8. System Support 11
Management System 13
List 1.9. Components of the Management System 13
List 1.10. Management Agreements 14
List 1.11. School Counseling Advisory Council 15
List 1.12. Use of Data to Monitor Student Progress 17
List 1.13. Action Plans 19
List 1.14. Use of Time 20
List 1.15. Calendars 22
Accountability 23
List 1.16. Components of Accountability 23
List 1.17. Results Reports 24
List 1.18. School Counselor Performance Standards 26
List 1.19. The School Counseling Program Audit 27
ASCA National Model Themes 28
List 1.20. Advocacy 28
List 1.21. Leadership 30
List 1.22. Collaboration 31
List 1.23. Systemic Change 32
Section 2 The Professional School Counselor: Preparation, Roles, and Responsibilities 33
Professional School Counselor Preparation 34
List 2.1. School Counselor Preparation, Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure 34
The Role of the Professional School Counselor 37
List 2.2. Traditional and Transformed Roles of School Counselors 37
List 2.3. American School Counselor Association Role Statement 38
List 2.4. Professional School Counselor Versus Guidance Counselor 40
The Competent School Counselor 41
List 2.5. School Counselor Competencies 41
List 2.6. General Multicultural Competencies 43
Ethical and Legal Practitioner 44
List 2.7. Ethical Standards for School Counseling Programs 44
List 2.8. Confidentiality 46
List 2.9. Ethical Decision Making 48
List 2.10. Legal Standards and Practices 49
Practitioner of a Theoretical Orientation in School Counseling 51
List 2.11. Counseling Theories 51
List 2.12. General Strategies for Counseling Students 53
List 2.13. Adlerian Counseling 54
List 2.14. Existential Counseling 55
List 2.15. Humanistic Counseling 56
List 2.16. Gestalt Counseling 57
List 2.17. Behavioral Counseling 58
List 2.18. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 59
List 2.19. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling 60
List 2.20. Reality Therapy (Choice Theory) 61
List 2.21. Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 62
List 2.22. Integrative Counseling 63
Supervisor 64
List 2.23. Supervisor of Other School Counselors, Interns, and Practicum Students 64
Change Agent 66
List 2.24. Change Agent of the School Environment 66
The Effective School Counselor 67
List 2.25. Skills and Characteristics of Effective School Counselors 67
List 2.26. Effective School Counseling: Focus on Data 69
Person and Professional: School Counselor Self-Care Strategies 70
List 2.27. Professional Burnout and Distress in Schools 70
List 2.28. Self-Care for the Caregiver 73
List 2.29. Professional Identity 74
Section 3 School Counseling Practices and Programs 75
Individual Counseling 76
List 3.1. Individual Counseling in Schools 76
List 3.2. Individual Counseling Process, Skills, and Techniques 78
List 3.3. Problem-Solving Model 80
List 3.4. Use of Play in Counseling 81
List 3.5. Effective Individual Counseling in Schools 82
Small-Group Counseling 83
List 3.6. Small-Group Counseling in Schools 83
List 3.7. Benefits of Small-Group Counseling 85
List 3.8. Possible Group Counseling Topics 86
List 3.9. Pregroup Planning 87
List 3.10. Small-Group Counseling Sessions 89
List 3.11. Group Counseling Leadership 90
List 3.12. Effective Small-Group Counseling 92
Classroom Guidance 94
List 3.13. Classroom Guidance Overview 94
List 3.14. Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Guidance Lesson Topics 96
List 3.15. Classroom Management Strategies 97
List 3.16. Class Meetings 99
Parent and Guardian Consultation 100
List 3.17. Consultation with Individual Parent or Guardian 100
List 3.18. Consultation with Groups of Parents and Guardians 102
List 3.19. Involvement of Hard-to-Reach Parents and Guardians 103
Teacher Consultation 104
List 3.20. Staff Development and Teacher In-services 104
List 3.21. Small Staff Meetings and Team Meetings 105
List 3.22. Teacher-Initiated Individual Consultation 107
List 3.23. Teacher Consultation: Classroom Management and Discipline Skills 109
List 3.24. Student Learning Styles 111
List 3.25. Conferences with Parents, Guardians, Teachers, Students, and Counselor 114
Schoolwide Programming and Participation 117
List 3.26. Creating a Positive Environment Throughout the School 117
List 3.27. Counseling Services: A Total School Responsibility Coordinated by the School Counselor 118
List 3.28. Differentiated or Diversified Staffing of the School Counseling Program 119
List 3.29. Materials for the School Counseling Program 120
List 3.30. Violence Prevention Programs 123
List 3.31. Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs 127
List 3.32. Peer Helper Programs 130
List 3.33. Character Education Program 133
List 3.34. Tutoring and Mentoring Programs at School and in the Community 136
List 3.35. Coordination of School Counseling Program Volunteers 139
List 3.36. Child Study Team or Local Screening Committee 140
List 3.37. Crisis or Critical Incident Response Team 142
Section 4 Academic Counseling in K-12 Schools 145
Academic Goals 146
List 4.1. Academic Goals for All Students 146
List 4.2. Response to Intervention 148
List 4.3. Standardized and/or High-Stakes Testing 149
Academic Development of All Students 152
List 4.4. Goal-Setting Skills 152
List 4.5. Study Skills 153
List 4.6. Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills 154
List 4.7. Time Management Skills 156
List 4.8. Stress Management 157
List 4.9. Course Selection for Future Opportunities 158
List 4.10. Postsecondary Educational Search 160
List 4.11. College Applications 162
List 4.12. College Application Essays 164
List 4.13. College Recommendations 165
List 4.14. College Selection 166
List 4.15. Financial Aid 167
List 4.16. Readiness for College 168
Academic Counseling K-12 169
List 4.17. Counseling Students with Academic Problems 169
List 4.18. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Academic Problems 170
List 4.19. Counseling Students with Learning or Physical Problems 171
List 4.20. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Learning or Physical Problems 174
List 4.21. Counseling Students with Special Needs 175
List 4.22. Counseling English Speakers of Other Languages and English Language Learners 176
List 4.23. Counseling Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 177
List 4.24. Counseling Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 180
List 4.25. Counseling Students with Tourette's Syndrome 181
List 4.26. Counseling Students at Risk for Dropping Out of School 182
List 4.27. Counseling Students Who Fear Failure 185
List 4.28. Counseling Students Who Fear or Avoid Success 186
List 4.29. Counseling Students Who Desire Perfection 187
List 4.30. Counseling Students Who Are Gifted 188
List 4.31. Counseling Students Who Procrastinate 190
List 4.32. Helping Students Learn from Failure 191
List 4.33. Helping Students Overcome Barriers to Success 192
Section 5 Career Counseling in K-12 Schools 193
Career Development Theories and Assessment 194
List 5.1. Career Development Theories 194
List 5.2. Career Assessment 197
National Career Competencies and Skills for Students 199
List 5.3. National Career Competencies and Skills 199
List 5.4. Career Goals for All Students 201
Career Counseling for All Students 202
List 5.5. Planning a Career Development Program 202
List 5.6. Career Development for Elementary School Students 204
List 5.7. Career Development for Middle School Students 205
List 5.8. Career Development for High School Students 207
List 5.9. Implementation of a K-12 Career Development Program 209
List 5.10. Career and College Center 210
List 5.11. Postsecondary Planning (Grades 7-12) 211
List 5.12. Academic or Career Portfolio 212
List 5.13. Career Values 213
List 5.14. Career Decision-Making Skills 214
List 5.15. Job Interviewing Skills 215
List 5.16. Marketable Skills 216
List 5.17. Career Stereotypes, Biases, and Discrimination 217
List 5.18. Structured Work Experience 219
List 5.19. Career Information Interview 220
List 5.20. Career Exploration and Life Planning 221
List 5.21. Career Counseling 222
List 5.22. Career Counseling with Minority and Marginalized Students 223
List 5.23. Career Counseling for Students with Special Needs 225
Section 6 Personal/Social Counseling in K-12 Schools: Student Development and Life Skills 227
Personal/Social Development 228
List 6.1. Personal/Social Goals for All Students 228
List 6.2. Needs of All Students 229
List 6.3. Issues Related to Child and Adolescent Development 230
List 6.4. Fears or Stressors of Students 231
List 6.5. Ethnic Diversity of Students 233
List 6.6. Cultural Diversity 234
List 6.7. Culturally Responsive School Counselors 236
List 6.8. Students with Special Needs 237
List 6.9. Students at Risk 240
List 6.10. Family Relationships 242
Personal/Social Counseling: Life Skills for All Students 244
List 6.11. Life Skills 244
List 6.12. Programs to Teach Life Skills 245
List 6.13. Communication Skills 246
List 6.14. Student Behaviors That Influence Communication 247
List 6.15. Nonverbal Communication 248
List 6.16. Recognizing Verbal Invitations That Foster Communication 249
List 6.17. Recognizing Verbal Put-Downs 250
List 6.18. I Messages 251
List 6.19. Reframing Descriptions of People 252
List 6.20. Active Listening Skills 254
List 6.21. Helping Students Understand Their Own and Others' Feelings 255
List 6.22. Feeling Vocabulary 257
List 6.23. Assertiveness Skills 260
List 6.24. Peer Pressure Refusal Skills 263
List 6.25. Teaching Students to Respect Others 264
List 6.26. Developing Student Self-Confidence 265
List 6.27. Anger Management Skills 267
List 6.28. Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution Skills 270
List 6.29. Coping and Resilience Skills 272
List 6.30. Relationship Skills 274
List 6.31. Social Skills 275
List 6.32. Stress Management Skills 276
Section 7 Personal/Social Counseling in K-12 Schools: Prevention and Effective Intervention 279
List 7.1. Programs to Promote Student Safety 280
List 7.2. Information for Students About Their Right toSafety 282
List 7.3. Child Abuse 284
List 7.4. Physical Neglect 289
List 7.5. Child Abuse and Child Neglect: School Counselor Interventions 290
List 7.6. Acquaintance Rape and Date Rape 293
List 7.7. Student Bullying and Harassment 295
List 7.8. Administrator and Teacher Actions to Prevent and Stop Student Bullying and Harassment 297
List 7.9. School Counselor Actions to Prevent and Stop Bullying and Harassment 298
List 7.10. Sexual Harassment 301
List 7.11. Cyberbullying 303
List 7.12. Gender Equity 305
List 7.13. Eating Disorders 307
List 7.14. Gangs 309
List 7.15. Substance Abuse 312
List 7.16. HIV/AIDS 316
List 7.17. Childhood and Adolescent Depression 318
List 7.18. Dealing with Grief and Loss 320
List 7.19. Death of a Loved One 322
List 7.20. Death of a Classmate 324
List 7.21. Tragedy or National Disaster 325
List 7.22. Student Suicide 327
List 7.23. Sexual Minority Youth 332
List 7.24. Self-Injury and Self-Mutilation 334
List 7.25. Truancy 337
List 7.26. School Phobia and School Refusal 338
List 7.27. Teen Pregnancy 340
List 7.28. Students Who Are Homeless 341
List 7.29. High-Risk Student Behavior 343
List 7.30.Parental Separation and Divorce 345
List 7.31. Children of Alcoholics 347
List 7.32. Students Whose Parent or Guardian Has Been Deployed 349
List 7.33. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of All Students 351
Index 353
