Foreword-W. Norton Grubb Preface The Institutionalization of Community Colleges. The State of the Union The Institutional Effectiveness Movement and Higher Education What Is an Institution? The Community College. A Contradictory Institution One. The Creation and Institutionalization of Junior Colleges in the United States, 1900-1980s An Aristocracy of Talent. The Origins of Higher Education in the United States Educational Innovation. The Creation of Junior Colleges, 1900-1940s A Reformation. The Reinstitutionalization of Community. Colleges Due to Increasing Student Access, 1950s-1960s Community Colleges, Segregation, and Equality, 1960s-1980s Whither To? Reaching a Plateau of Orthodoxy, 1970s-1980s Two. Institutional Ambiguity. Continued Struggles of the Contradictory College A Critique of Orthodoxy. The New Left Evaluates Community Colleges, 1970s-1980s Revised but Confused Orthodoxy. The Contradictory Community College's New Missions, 1990s-2000s Are There Economic Returns to Community College Credentials? An Economic Assessment, 1990-2010 Three. Overburdened and Underfunded. The California Community College Origins of the California Junior College Massification of Higher Education and Post-War Planning Segregated Education in California and the Junior College The California Postsecondary Education Commission The Master Plan Revised. Declining Budgets and a New System of Accountability Conclusion. Accounting and Accountability Four. The Ambiguous Legacy of the Community College. Policy, Administrative, and Educational Implications The Reduction of Education to Human Capital The Legacy of the Community College. A Limited Opportunity Institutional Reform? Three Principles for Policy Makers Notes Selected Bibliography About the Author Index