List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Editor xxiii
PART I Introduction to Algae and Their Importance
1 Biological Importance of Marine Algae 3
Ali A. El Gamal
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds) 4
Acknowledgment 27
References 27
2 Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans 36
Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty and Amit Kumar Banerjee
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Need for marine resources 36
2.3 Various marine resources 36
2.4 Producers in the marine environment 37
2.5 Emergent plants 37
2.6 Seaweed diversity 37
2.7 Uses of seaweeds 37
2.8 Marine farming: global scenario 39
2.9 SEAPURA: an EU effort 39
2.10 Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario 40
2.11 Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds 41
2.12 Future prospects 42
2.13 Conclusion 43
References 43
3 Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta 45
Rajrupa Ghosh, Kakoli Banerjee and Abhijit Mitra
3.1 Seaweeds: an overview 45
3.2 Commercial uses of seaweeds 46
3.3 Indian scenario 46
3.4 Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans 51
References 55
4 Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories 58
Nathalie Bourgougnon and Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Exploitation of marine algal resources 60
4.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds? 64
4.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities 64
4.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities 68
4.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense 73
4.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy 81
4.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae 82
4.9 Conclusion 89
Acknowledgments 89
References 90
5 Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides 106
Jesús M. Mercado
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Light absorption 107
5.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108
5.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition 110
5.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides? 111
5.6 Conclusions 111
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
6 Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds 116
Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro, Elena Peña-V¿azquez and Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
6.1 Introduction 116
6.2 Mineral content in seaweed 117
6.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds 117
6.5 Chemical speciation 154
References 164
PART II Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds
7 Chemical Composition of Seaweeds 173
Ladislava Mišurcová
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Various components of seaweeds 174
7.3 Conclusion 186
References 186
8 Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast 193
Anna O. Barabanova and Irina M. Yermak
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East 196
8.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle 197
8.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C. pinnulatus and T. crinitus 200
References 201
9 Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric 205
Sivalingam Thambidurai
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Textile materials 205
9.3 Antimicrobial agents 208
9.4 Seaweeds 211
9.5 Extraction and characterization 212
9.6 Antibacterial finishing 216
9.7 Permanent finish 217
Acknowledgments 217
References 218
10 Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds 221
You-Jin Jeon, W.A.J.P Wijesinghe and Se-Kwon Kim
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds 222
10.3 Role of cell wall degrading enzymes 222
10.4 Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds 222
10.5 Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions 222
10.6 Bioactive peptides from seaweeds 223
10.7 Conclusions 226
References 226
11 Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans 229
Vitor H. Pomin
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Phylogenetic distribution 230
11.3 Common methods for extraction and structural analyses 230
11.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence 239
11.5 Industrial applications 242
11.6 Pharmacological properties 247
11.6.7 Effects on cellular growth, migration and adhesion 254
11.7 Major conclusions 255
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
12 Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds 262
Jing Hu, Bin Yang, Xiuping Lin, Xue-Feng Zhou, Xian-Wen Yang, and Yonghong Liu
12.1 Introduction 262
12.2 Chemical constituents 263
12.3 Conclusions 280
References 281
13 Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination 285
Ladislava Mišurcová
13.1 Digestibility 285
13.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment 287
13.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products 291
13.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility 295
13.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility 296
13.6 Conclusion 297
References 297
14 Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding 302
Thanh T. Ngu and Martin J. Stillman
14.1 Introduction 302
14.2 Characterization of the rfMT 303
14.3 Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques 304
14.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques 306
14.5 Conclusions 315
Acknowledgments 315
References 315
PART III Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds
15 In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid 321
Yoshimi Niwano and Fumiaki Beppu
15.1 Introduction 321
15.2 In vivo oral toxicity study 321
15.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study 324
15.4 Conclusion 327
References 327
16 Brown Seaweed Lipids as Potential Source of Omega-3 PUFA in Biological Systems 329
Kazuo Miyashita, Bhaskar Narayan, Takayuki Tsukui, Hiroyuki Kamogawa, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa
16.1 Introduction 329
16.2 Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA 330
16.3 Importance of omega-3 PUFA on human health 331
16.4 Brown seaweed lipids 332
16.5 Bioconversion of LN to DHA 333
16.6 Hepatic DHA enhancement in mice by fucoxanthin 333
16.7 Conclusion 335
References 335
17 Immune Regulatory Effects of Phlorotannins Derived From Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) 340
Phuong Hong Nguyen, il-Whan Choi, Se-Kwon Kim and Won-Kyo Jung
17.1 Introduction 340
17.2 Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins on RAW264.7 macrophage cells 343
17.3 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins on BV2 microglial cells 344
17.4 Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins 344
17.5 Conclusion 346
Acknowledgments 346
References 346
18 In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Seaweed Compounds 348
Raquel Dom¿¿nguez Gonzalez, Vanessa Romaris Hortas and Pilar Bermejo Barrera
18.1 Introduction 348
18.2 Methods to study compound bioaccessibility 349
18.3 In vivo versus in vitro methods 352
18.4 Methods with cell culture models 352
18.5 Conclusions 352
References 352
19 Brown Seaweed-Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals and Their Biological Activities for Functional Food Ingredients with Focus on Ascophyllum nodosum 356
Emmanouil Apostolidis and Chong M. Lee
19.1 Introduction: seaweed-derived functional food ingredients 356
19.2 Major commercial brown seaweeds 357
19.3 Brown seaweeds and phenolic phytochemicals 359
19.4 Ascophyllum nodosum: importance and health benefits 361
19.5 Conclusions 365
References 366
20 Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Effects of Seaweeds 371
Chang-Suk Kong and Se-Kwon Kim
20.1 Introduction 371
20.2 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of seaweed 372
20.3 Conclusions 375
References 375
21 Health Beneficial Aspects of Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Marine Brown Algae 378
Noel Vinay Thomas and Se-Kwon Kim
21.1 Introduction 378
21.2 Phloroglucinol derivatives (phlorotannins) from marine brown algae 378
21.3 Health beneficial aspects of brown algal phlorotannins 381
21.4 Conclusions and future prospects 385
References 385
22 Biological Effects of Proteins Extracted from Marine Algae 387
Taek-Jeong Nam
22.1 Introduction 387
22.2 Stimulatory effect of a glycoprotein from LAMINARIA Japonica on cell proliferation 387
22.3 Chemoprotective effect of marine algae extracts against acetaminophen toxicity 389
References 396
23 Functional Ingredients from Marine Algae as Potential Antioxidants in the Food Industry 398
Isuru Wijesekara, Mahinda Senevirathne, Yong-Xin Li and Se-Kwon Kim
23.1 Introduction 398
23.2 Marine algae-derived functional ingredients and their antioxidant effect 399
23.3 Conclusion 401
References 401
24 Algal Carotenoids as Potent Antioxidants 403
Kazuo Miyashita, M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa
24.1 Introduction 403
24.2 Algal carotenoids 404
24.3 Carotenoids as dietary antioxidants 405
24.4 Brown seaweeds as rich source of antioxidants 406
24.5 Antioxidant activity of algal carotenoids 408
24.6 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effect of fucoxanthin 409
24.7 Conclusion 410
References 410
PART IV Biotechnology of Seaweeds
25 Anti-HIV Activities of Marine Macroalgae 417
Thanh-Sang Vo, Dai-Hung Ngo and Se-Kwon Kim
25.1 Introduction 417
25.2 Potential anti-HIV agents from marine macroalgae 417
25.3 Conclusion 421
References 421
26 Biotechnology of Seaweeds: Facing the Coming Decade 424
Lin Hanzhi, Qin Song and Jiang Peng
26.1 Introduction 424
26.2 Biotechnology of seaweeds in 'blue farming' 424
26.3 Biotechnology of seaweeds in the chemical industry and pharmacy 425
26.4 Biotechnology of seaweeds in a changing world: their role in bioremediation and bioenergy 426
Acknowledgment 427
References 427
27 Current Trends and Future Prospects of Biotechnological Interventions Through Plant Tissue Culture in Seaweeds 431
Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed and Rosna Mat Taha
27.1 Introduction 431
27.2 Explants, sterilization and methods used in seaweed production 432
27.3 Micropropagation of seaweeds 434
27.4 Callus and cell suspension culture in seaweed production 435
27.5 Bioprocess technology and cell culture in seaweed production 436
27.6 Remarks and conclusion 438
References 438
28 Detoxification Mechanisms of Heavy Metals by Algal-Bacteria Consortia 441
Enrique J. Peña-Salamanca, Ana Lucia Rengifo-Gallego and Neyla Benitez-Campo
28.1 Introduction 441
28.2 Mechanisms used by algae in heavy metals tolerance and removal 442
28.3 Algal-bacterial mechanisms involved in heavy metal detoxification 444
28.4 Algal-bacteria consortia in the red alga Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) 445
28.5 Biological treatment of heavy metals 446
28.6 Biotechnological applications 447
28.7 Conclusions and future remarks 448
References 448
PART V Natural Resource Management and Industrial Applications of Seaweeds 29 Manufacturing Technology of Bioenergy Using Algae 453
Gyung-Soo Kim
29.1 Introduction 453
29.2 Bioethanol types and characteristics 453
29.3 Foreign and domestic bioethanol industries and technologies 454
29.4 Algal biomass characteristics 455
29.5 Red algae bioethanol production technology 455
29.6 Future technology outlook 459
Acknowledgments 459
References 459
30 Seaweed as an Adsorbent to Treat Cr(VI)-Contaminated Wastewater 461
Saroj Sundar Baral
30.1 Importance of chromium 461
30.2 Harmful effects of Cr(VI) 461
30.3 Different methods of treatment 462
30.4 Case study on adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using seaweed Hydrilla verticillata 465
References 475
31 Using the Biomass of Seaweeds in the Production of Components of Feed and Fertilizers 478
Katarzyna Chojnacka
31.1 Introduction 478
31.2 Seaweeds in fertilizers 478
31.3 Seaweeds in feeds for animals 481
31.4 Using the biomass of seaweeds enriched with microelements by biosorpion in nutrition of plants and animals 484
31.5 Conclusions 486
Acknowledgments 487
References 487
32 Applications of Seaweed in Meat-Based Functional Foods 491
Susana Cofrades, In¿es López-López and Francisco Jiménez-Colmenero
32.1 Introduction 491
32.2 Meat-based functional foods 491
32.3 Seaweed as a functional food ingredient in meat products 492
32.4 Conclusions 495
Acknowledgment 496
References 496
33 Industrial Applications of Macroalgae 500
A. Malshani Samaraweera, Janak K. Vidanarachchi and Maheshika S. Kurukulasuriya
33.1 Introduction 500
33.2 Composition of seaweeds 500
33.3 Seaweeds as vegetables: their nutritive value 503
33.4 Applications as functional foods 505
33.5 Application of seaweeds as antioxidants in the food industry 506
33.6 Industrial applications of phycocolloids 508
33.7 Biomedical applications 510
33.8 Macroalgal-derived cosmeceuticals 513
33.9 Applications in agriculture 514
33.10 Applications in pollution detection and control 515
33.11 Utilization of macroalgae for energy production 515
33.12 Conclusions 516
References 516
34 Application of Seaweeds in the Food Industry 522
Cristina García Sartal, María Carmen Barciela Alonso and Pilar Bermejo Barrera
34.1 Introduction 522
34.2 Compounds extracted from algae of interest to the human nutrition industry 522
34.3 Animal feeding 527
34.4 Fertilizers 528
34.5 Conclusion 529
References 529
35 A Dimensional Investigation on Seaweeds: Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications 532
Sudha Narayanan Parapurath, Hebsibah Elsie Bernard, Dhanarajan Malli Subramaniamc and Ramya Ramamurthy
35.1 Introduction 532
35.2 Biomedical applications of seaweeds 534
35.3 Industrial applications of seaweeds 537
35.4 Conclusion 538
Acknowledgment 538
References 538
36 Seaweed Polysaccharides - Food Applications 541
Vazhiyil Venugopal Menon
36.1 Introduction 541
36.2 Major functions of polysaccharides in a food system 541
36.3 Interactions of polysaccharides with food components 542
36.4 Major food applications of polysaccharides 542
36.5 Regulatory and commercial aspects 551
References 552
Index 557
