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Produktbild: Clinical Orthoptics

Clinical Orthoptics

Fr. 98.90

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

16.04.2012

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

488

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/2.7 cm

Gewicht

943 g

Auflage

3. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4443-3934-5

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

16.04.2012

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

488

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/2.7 cm

Gewicht

943 g

Auflage

3. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4443-3934-5

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  • Produktbild: Clinical Orthoptics
  • Preface xi

    Acknowledgements xii

    List of Figures xiii

    List of Tables xvii

    SECTION I 1

    1 Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation 3

    Muscle pulleys 3

    Ocular muscles 5

    Innervation 10

    Associated cranial nerves 12

    References 15

    Further reading 16

    2 Binocular Single Vision 17

    Worth's classification 17

    Development 17

    Retinal correspondence 19

    Physiology of stereopsis 20

    Fusion 23

    Retinal rivalry 24

    Suppression 24

    Diplopia 25

    References 27

    Further reading 28

    3 Ocular Motility 29

    Saccadic system 29

    Smooth pursuit system 31

    Vergence system 33

    Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response 35

    Brainstem control 37

    Muscle sequelae 39

    Past-pointing 40

    Bell's phenomenon 41

    References 41

    Further reading 43

    4 Orthoptic Investigative Procedures 45

    Visual acuity 45

    Cover test 60

    Ocular motility 64

    Accommodation and convergence 68

    Retinal correspondence 73

    Fusion 77

    Stereopsis 82

    Suppression 89

    Synoptophore 91

    Aniseikonia 97

    Fixation 98

    Measurement of deviations 99

    Hess charts 105

    Field of binocular single vision 108

    Uniocular field of vision 110

    Measurement of torsion 111

    Parks-Helveston three-step test 113

    Diplopia charts 113

    Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test) 115

    Forced duction test 115

    Forced generation test 115

    Orthoptic exercises 115

    References 119

    Further reading 124

    SECTION II 129

    5 Heterophoria 131

    Classification 131

    Aetiology 131

    Causes of decompensation 132

    Esophoria 132

    Exophoria 132

    Hyperphoria/hypophoria 133

    Alternating hyperphoria 133

    Alternating hypophoria 133

    Cyclophoria 133

    Incomitant heterophoria 133

    Hemifield slide 133

    Investigation of heterophoria 134

    Management 135

    References 136

    Further reading 137

    6 Heterotropia 138

    Esotropia 138

    Factors necessary for development of binocular single vision 139

    Constant esotropia with an accommodative element 140

    Constant esotropia without an accommodative element 141

    Accommodative esotropia 146

    Relating to fixation distance 151

    Exotropia 155

    Hypertropia 168

    Hypotropia 168

    Cyclotropia 169

    Dissociated vertical deviation 170

    Dissociated horizontal deviation 172

    Quality of life 173

    Pseudostrabismus 174

    References 175

    Further reading 184

    7 Microtropia 189

    Terminology 189

    Classification 190

    Investigation 191

    Management 194

    References 194

    Further reading 195

    8 Amblyopia and Visual Impairment 197

    Classification 197

    Aetiology 197

    Investigation 198

    Management 199

    Eccentric fixation 205

    Cerebral visual impairment 205

    Delayed visual maturation 206

    PHACE syndrome 207

    References 207

    Further reading 212

    9 Aphakia 215

    Methods of correction 215

    Investigation 215

    Problems with unilateral aphakia 216

    Management 216

    References 218

    Further reading 219

    SECTION III 221

    10 Incomitant Strabismus 223

    Aetiology 223

    Aid to diagnosis 225

    Diplopia 226

    Abnormal head posture 227

    References 230

    Further reading 231

    11 A and V Patterns 232

    Classification 232

    Aetiology 232

    Investigation 236

    Management 238

    References 241

    Further reading 243

    12 Accommodation and Convergence Disorders 245

    Accommodative disorders 245

    Presbyopia - physiological 245

    Presbyopia - premature (non-physiological) 246

    Accommodative insufficiency 247

    Accommodative fatigue 248

    Accommodative paralysis 248

    Accommodative spasm 249

    Accommodative inertia 250

    Micropsia 251

    Macropsia 251

    Convergence anomalies 251

    Convergence insufficiency 252

    Convergence paralysis 254

    Convergence spasm 254

    Specific learning difficulty 254

    References 255

    Further reading 257

    13 Ptosis and Pupils 259

    Ptosis 259

    Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome 263

    Lid retraction 264

    Pupils 264

    References 269

    Further reading 271

    14 Neurogenic Disorders 272

    III (third) cranial nerve 272

    IV (fourth) cranial nerve 280

    VI (sixth) cranial nerve 288

    Multiple sclerosis 292

    Acquired motor fusion deficiency 293

    Non-accidental injury 294

    Premature visual impairment 295

    Ophthalmoplegia 296

    References 300

    Further reading 307

    15 Mechanical Paralytic Strabismus 310

    Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders 312

    Brown's syndrome 319

    Adherence syndrome 324

    Moebius syndrome 325

    Strabismus fixus syndrome 327

    Thyroid eye disease 327

    Orbital injuries 333

    Blow-out fracture 334

    Soft tissue injury 339

    Supraorbital fracture 341

    Naso-orbital fracture 341

    Zygoma fracture 341

    Conjunctival shortening syndrome 342

    Retinal detachment 342

    Cataract 343

    Macular translocation surgery 344

    References 344

    Further reading 350

    16 Myogenic Disorders 354

    Thyroid eye disease 354

    Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 354

    Myasthenia gravis 355

    Myotonic dystrophy 358

    Ocular myositis 358

    Kearns-Sayre ophthalmoplegia 359

    References 359

    Further reading 361

    17 Craniofacial Synostoses 362

    Plagiocephaly 362

    Brachycephaly 362

    Scaphocephaly/dolichocephaly 362

    Occipital plagiocephaly 362

    Apert's syndrome 363

    Craniofrontonasal dysplasia 363

    Crouzon's syndrome 363

    Pfeiffer syndrome 363

    Saethre-Chotzen syndrome 364

    Unicoronal syndrome 364

    General signs and symptoms 364

    Ocular signs and symptoms 365

    Management 365

    References 366

    Further reading 367

    18 Nystagmus 368

    Aetiology 368

    Classification 368

    Investigation 373

    Management 375

    References 378

    Further reading 380

    19 Supranuclear and Internuclear Disorders 382

    Saccadic movement disorders 382

    Smooth pursuit movement disorders 384

    Vergence movement disorders 385

    Gaze palsy 386

    Optokinetic movement disorders 394

    Vestibular movement disorders 395

    Brainstem syndromes 395

    Skew deviation 397

    Ocular tilt reaction 398

    Ocular investigation 398

    Management options 400

    References 401

    Further reading 405

    SECTION IV Appendices 407

    Diagnostic Aids 409

    Abbreviations of Orthoptic Terms 418

    Diagrammatic Recording of Ocular Motility 424

    Diagrammatic Recording of Nystagmus 426

    Glossary 428

    Case Reports 441

    Index 459