CONTRIBUTORS xv
PREFACE xix
CHAPTER 1 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: GENERAL REVIEW AND APPLICATIONS
Navdeep Kaur, Karthikeyan Subramani, and Yashwant Pathak 1
1 Historical Perspective 1
2 Antibodies 2
3 Antibody Mediation 3
4 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems 4
5 Applications 6
6 Recent Trends 9
7 Future Trends 10
CHAPTER 2 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR TARGETING
Tatyana Levchenko, William Hartner, and Vladimir P. Torchilin 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Immunoliposome Targeting to Pathological Regions of the Vessel Wall 14
3 Liposome Internalization by Endothelial Cells 15
4 Targeting of Atherosclerotic Lesions for Tomographic Imaging 17
5 Antibody-Mediated Liposomes for Diagnosis of Thrombosis 17
6 Thrombolytic Therapy with Immunoliposomes 18
7 Targeted Sealing of Cell Membrane Lesions: Preservation of Cell Viability 19
8 Accumulation of Liposomes and Immunoliposomes in the Ischemic Heart 21
9 Immunoliposomes as a Drug and Gene Delivery Vehicle to the Infarcted Heart 26
CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPEUTICS
Leonor Munoz Alcivar and Yashwant Pathak 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Breast Cancer 35
3 Drug Delivery Systems 36
4 Monoclonal Antibodies 37
5 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 40
6 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery System 43
7 Targets for the Treatment of Breast Cancer 45
8 Breast Cancer Therapies 46
9 The Future of Breast Cancer Therapeutics 49
10 Other Treatment Strategies 50
11 Nanotechnology 51
12 Conclusions 52
CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNONCONJUGATES FOR IN VIVO DELIVERY: CANCER DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND THERAPY
Arutselvan Natarajan 57
1 Introduction 57
2 Immunoconjugates 61
3 Immunoconjugates in Cancer Therapy 62
4 Immunoconjugates for Imaging 69
5 Immunoconjugates in Diagnostic Applications 71
6 Immunoconjugates' Promising Future and Challenges 72
7 Summary 73
CHAPTER 5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ANTI-TNF THERAPIES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH TUBERCULOSIS
Simeone Marino, Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani, Jennifer J. Linderman, and Denise E. Kirschner 83
1 Introduction 83
2 Tuberculosis, TNF, and Anti-TNF Drugs 84
3 Theoretical Models To Study TB Infection 88
4 Present and Future Work 96
CHAPTER 6 TARGETED NANOPARTICLES IN RADIOTHERAPY
Misty Muscarella and Yashwant Pathak 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Nanoparticles 106
3 Radiotherapy 110
4 Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy 111
5 Current and Future Developments with Nanotechnology in Radiotherapy 123
6 Conclusions 124
CHAPTER 7 ELECTRICALLY-ENHANCED DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND CONJUGATES FOR CANCER TREATMENT
Arutselvan Natarajan, Luca Campana, and Raji Sundararajan 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Electroporation Mechanisms to Permeabilize the Drugs and DNAs in Cells 130
3 Electroporation-Aided Drug Delivery for Preclinical Studies 133
4 EP applications for Human Patient Studies 136
5 Future Perspectives 138
6 Summary 139
CHAPTER 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY VARIANTS AND GLYCOSYLATION
Ting Zheng, Srinivasa Rao, Jeff Rohrer, and Chris Pohl 145
1 Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Heterogeneity by HPLC Analysis 145
2 Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycosylation 150
CHAPTER 9 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING TREATMENT
Fang Wu, Hong Ding, and Zhirong Zhang 169
1 Introduction 169
2 Lymphatic Disorders and Their Normal Treatment 170
3 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Lymphatic Targeting Treatment 172
4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 183
CHAPTER 10 METHODS FOR NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Junling Li and Chin K. Ng 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Current Nanoparticle Systems used for Conjugation with mAbs 191
3 Conjugation Methods 192
4 Conclusions 202
CHAPTER 11 SINGLE-USE SYSTEMS IN ANIMAL CELL-BASED BIOPRODUCTION
William G. Whitford 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Component Offerings 214
3 Characteristics of Single-Use Systems and Their Applications 218
CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR SPECIFIC DRUG DELIVERY
Manuela Calin 229
1 Introduction: Advances in Liposome Formulation 229
2 Design of Immunoliposomes for Site-Specific Drug Delivery 230
3 Cellular-Specific Targeting of Immunoliposomes 242
4 Cellular-Specific Internalization of Immunoliposomes 246
5 Immunoliposomes in Diagnosis and Therapy 247
6 Clinical Use of Immunoliposomes 251
7 Conclusions and Perspectives 252
CHAPTER 13 GENE THERAPY TARGETING KIDNEY DISEASES: ROUTES AND VEHICLES
Yoshitaka Isaka, Yoshitsugu Takabatake, and Hiromi Rakugi 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Rationale for Successful Gene Targeting 268
3 Site-Specific Gene Delivery 268
4 Nuclear Import of Gene Material 270
5 Targeting the Glomerulus 270
6 Targeting the Tubule 272
7 Targeting the Interstitium 274
8 Targeting Muscle 274
9 Conclusions 275
CHAPTER 14 DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) POLYMERS USING DOUBLE-ANTIGEN-BRIDGING IMMUNOGENICITY ELISA
Yijuan Liu, Helen Reidler, Jing Pan, David Milunic, Dujie Qin, Dave Chen, Yli Remo Vallejo, and Ray Yin 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Methods 280
3 Results 283
4 Discussion 286
CHAPTER 15 ANTIBODIES IN NANOMEDICINE AND MICROIMAGING METHODS
Rakesh Sharma 291
1 Introduction: Antibody Molecules and Nanoparticles 291
2 Antibody-Based Nanoparticles in Microimaging 292
3 Troponin T: Newer Magnetic Immunoassay Method 317
4 Gold Nanoparticles as an Antigen Carrier and Adjuvant 330
5 Immunochemical Biosensors, Nanomedicine, and Disease 339
6 Future Directions and Conclusions 341
CHAPTER 16 METHODS FOR POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Uyen Minh Le, Hieu Tran, and Yashwant Pathak 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Conjugation of mAb and Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles 353
3 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactide-CO-Glycolide) Nanoparticles 357
4 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactic Acid) and its Derivatives 359
5 Conjugation of mAb to Other Polymeric Nanoparticles 360
6 Summary 361
CHAPTER 17 PLANT-DERIVED ANTIBODIES FOR ACADEMIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Slavko Komarnytsky and Nikolai Borisjuk 365
1 Historical Perspective 365
2 Plant-Based Production of Recombinant Proteins 366
3 Expression in an Entire Plant Versus a Plant Organ 367
4 ER Targeting and Secretion of Recombinant Proteins 368
5 Expression in Seeds 370
6 Transient Expression 371
7 Glycosylation 373
8 Recent Examples of Plant-Derived Antibodies Effective in Mammalian Systems 375
9 Conclusions 376
CHAPTER 18 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS BIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Girish J. Kotwal 383
1 Historical Perspective 383
2 Introduction 384
3 Structure and Types of mAbs 385
4 Mechanism of Action 385
5 FDA-approved mAb Biopharmaceuticals in Current Use 386
6 Future of Monoclonal Antibodies as Biopharmaceuticals 389
CHAPTER 19 PULMONARY TARGETING OF NANOPARTICLES AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Weiyuan Chang 391
1 Introduction 391
2 Attributes of mAbs as Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases 392
3 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Lung Targeting 393
4 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Asthma 394
5 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of COPD 398
6 Challenges in Pulmonary Disease 400
7 Conclusions 402
CHAPTER 20 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED ARTHRITIS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC AVENUES
Kutty Selva Nandakumar 407
1 Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis 407
2 Role of Cartilage Antigen-Specific Antibodies in Inducing Arthritis 408
3 Arthritis Mediation Through Antibodies Recognizing Citrullinated Antigens 413
4 Regulation at the Effector Level 414
5 Cartilage Damage Independent of Inflammatory Mediators 414
6 pathogenicity of GPI-Specific Antibodies 415
7 Therapeutic Cleavage of Arthritogenic Antibodies 415
8 Arthritis Attenuation Though Removal of Specific Sugars on IgG 417
CHAPTER 21 IMMUNONANOPARTICLES FOR NUCLEAR IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY
Oren Giladi and Simon Benita 427
1 Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals 427
2 Radiolabeled Antibodies 432
3 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles 437
4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 449
CHAPTER 22 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA
Glenn J. Whelan 457
1 Introduction 457
2 IgE 458
3 TNF¿ 460
4 IL-5 462
5 IL-9 464
6 IL-4 and IL-13 465
7 Targeting the T-cell 467
8 Conclusions 468
References 469
INDEX 473
