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Produktbild: Archaeology in Practice

Archaeology in Practice A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses

Fr. 89.90

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

11.10.2013

Herausgeber

Jane Balme + weitere

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

504

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/2.8 cm

Gewicht

748 g

Auflage

2. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-470-65716-4

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

11.10.2013

Herausgeber

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

504

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/2.8 cm

Gewicht

748 g

Auflage

2. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-470-65716-4

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: gpsr@libri.de

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  • Produktbild: Archaeology in Practice
  • Chapter Abstracts xvii

    Preface and Acknowledgments xxi

    Notes on Contributors xxv

    List of Tables xxix

    List of Figures xxx

    1 Collaborating with Stakeholders 1
    Larry J. Zimmerman and Kelly M. Branam

    Introduction 1

    What and Who Is an Archaeological Stakeholder? 2

    Collaboration Comes in Many Forms 4

    Learning to Work with Stakeholders: A Discipline's Journey 7

    Differing Ways of Knowing the Past 11

    True or valid? 11

    How can there be different versions of the same past? 12

    General Thoughts about How to Consult with Stakeholders 13

    Building trust takes time 14

    Use ethnography 15

    Specific Issues and Concerns 15

    Differential power levels 15

    Competing claims 15

    Informed consent 17

    When pasts conflict 18

    What do you do if things go wrong? 18

    Owning the Past 19

    Where to from Here? 19

    Acknowledgments 20

    Further Reading 20

    References 21

    2 Stratigraphy 26
    Jane Balme and Alistair Paterson

    Introduction 26

    What Is Stratigraphy? 27

    Why Do Archaeologists Study Stratification? 27

    How Do Different Layers Occur in Archaeological Sites? 27

    Principles (or Laws) of Stratigraphy 29

    Sources of disturbance 30

    Excavation and Stratigraphy 32

    Recording Stratifi cation 33

    The Harris Matrix: Interpreting the spatial record 34

    Creating Analytical Units 37

    Case Study 2.1: Sos Höyük 38

    Conclusions 44

    Acknowledgments 44

    Further Reading 44

    Excavation 44

    Stratigraphy and formation processes 44

    References 44

    3 Sediments 47
    Anthony Barham and Gary Huckleberry

    Introduction 47

    Why Study Soils and Sediments? 48

    Sediments and Soils - Defi ning Concepts and Terms 50

    Field Description and Sampling 51

    Broad principles which should be applied during sediment sampling and description 53

    Laboratory Techniques 54

    Granulometry 55

    pH (acidity/alkalinity) 60

    Color 62

    Organic matter 63

    Phosphorus 65

    Case Study 3.1: Prehistoric Canals in the American Southwest 67

    Case Study 3.2: Kennewick Man, Washington State, United States 72

    Conclusions 76

    Further Reading 77

    References 77

    4 Absolute Dating 85
    Simon Holdaway

    Introduction 85

    Chronometry 86

    Radiocarbon 86

    Dendrochronology 90

    Isotopic methods 91

    Radiogenic methods 92

    Chemical and biological methods 94

    Geomorphic methods 95

    Limits on Chronometric Techniques 96

    Maximum limits 96

    Minimum limits 98

    Limits on radiogenic techniques 100

    Precision 101

    From Age Measurement to Chronology 101

    Temporal Resolution and Behavioral Variation 103

    Fidelity and resolution 104

    Bayesian analysis 105

    Time averaging 106

    Case Study 4.1: Bone Cave 108

    Time perspectivism 110

    Conclusion 110

    Acknowledgments 111

    Further Reading 111

    References 111

    5 Rock Art 118
    Jo McDonald

    Introduction 118

    What Is Rock Art? 118

    How is Rock Art Made? 119

    Classification 120

    How Is Rock Art Recorded? 122

    Photography 123

    Drawing and sketching 124

    Tracing 124

    Counting 127

    How and Why Is Rock Art Analyzed? 128

    Informed Methods 129

    Formal (or Structural) Methods 129

    Statistical techniques 130

    Spatial distribution analysis 130

    Information exchange and stylistic heterogeneity 131

    Diachronic change 131

    Dating Rock Art 132

    Relative dating 132

    Scientific techniques 135

    Gender and Rock Art 135

    Case Study 5.1: The Depiction of Species in Macropod Track Engravings 136

    Concluding Remarks 142

    Resources 142

    Key associations and journals 143

    Further Reading 143

    References 143

    6 An Introduction to Stone Artifact Analysis 151
    Chris Clarkson and Sue O'Connor

    Introduction 151

    An overview 151

    Analyzing Stone Artifacts 167

    Research design 167

    Classifying an assemblage of stone artifacts 168

    Choosing attributes to record and measure 173

    Managing data 176

    Measuring extent of reduction 177

    Dealing with diffi cult assemblages 187

    Archaeometry 191

    Determining the type and fl aking properties of stone 192

    Sourcing stone artifacts 192

    Is 3D the future of lithic analysis? 193

    Conclusion 194

    Acknowledgments 195

    Further Reading 195

    References 195

    7 Ceramics 207
    Linda Ellis

    Introduction 207

    What Is a "Ceramic?" 209

    How Is Pottery Made? 210

    Clay preparation 210

    Object formation 211

    Prefire decoration 211

    Firing 212

    Postfire treatment 212

    Handling of Ceramics during and after Excavation 213

    Careful excavating 213

    Cleaning ceramics 214

    Marking ceramics 214

    Repairing ceramics 215

    Initiating an Analytical Program for Ceramics 215

    Prefatory issues before undertaking an analytical program 216

    Quantitative analysis of ceramics 216

    Sampling for laboratory analysis 219

    How to begin analysis and select an appropriate analytical method 220

    Areas of Ceramics Research and Their Analytical Approaches 221

    Technology studies 224

    Identifying the people producing and using ceramics 225

    Dating of ceramics 226

    Sourcing of ceramics 227

    Usewear and use-life studies of ceramics 228

    Conclusion 229

    Resources 229

    References 229

    8 Residues and Usewear 232
    Richard Fullagar

    Introduction 232

    Functional Analysis 233

    Methodology, Experiments, and Procedures 234

    Microscopes 238

    Artifact Cleaning 239

    Plant Residues Found on Artifacts 241

    Starch 241

    Raphides 242

    Phytoliths 242

    Resin, gums, waxes, and other exudates 243

    Animal Residues Found on Artifacts 243

    Hair and feathers 243

    Blood 243

    Bone 245

    Shell 245

    Usewear 245

    Scarring or edge fracturing 246

    Striations 246

    Polish 249

    Edge rounding 249

    Beveling 249

    Postdepositional damage 250

    Hafting traces 250

    Residues on Grinding Stones and Potsherds 250

    Case Study 8.1: Starch Grains Analysis of Residues on Grinding Stones 251

    Case Study 8.2: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Archaeological Residues (by Elyse Beck and Peter Grave) 252

    Discussion and Conclusion 253

    Acknowledgments 255

    Further Reading 255

    References 255

    9 Animal Bones 264
    Terry O'Connor and James Barrett

    Introduction 264

    Look Before You Dig 265

    Sampling and Recovery 269

    Bagging and Tagging 277

    Working Facilities 279

    Making the Record 282

    Identification: Whose Bone Is This? 283

    What Has Happened to These Bones? 285

    Who Was This Animal? 286

    Preparing for the Research Phase 291

    And Finally 293

    References 294

    10 Human Remains 300
    Charlotte Roberts

    Introduction: Why Study Human Remains and How It Has Developed 300

    Ethics and Human Remains 304

    Taphonomy, funerary context, and excavation and their effect on analysis and interpretation 306

    Care of human remains during and after excavation 307

    Detection 308

    Excavation 308

    Cleaning the remains once excavated 310

    Curation of human remains 311

    The starting point: basic analysis and interpretation 312

    Sex and age at death 313

    Paleodemography 316

    Normal and Abnormal Variation 317

    Normal variation 317

    Abnormal variation 320

    Methods 322

    Studies of the Health of Populations 323

    Specific Studies of Disease 324

    Macroscopic 324

    Biomolecular 324

    Using Multiple Methods to Answer Questions on Past Health 326

    Conclusion 328

    Resources 328

    References 329

    11 Plant Remains 336
    Wendy Beck and Emilie Dotte-Sarout

    Introduction: A Scene (by Wendy Beck) 336

    Macroscopic Plant Remains 337

    What Can Plant Remains Contribute to Archaeology? 338

    The relationship between people and plants 338

    Plants and technology 339

    Plants and regional subsistence 339

    Archaeological theories and plants 340

    What Are the Problems (and Solutions) for Identifying and Interpreting Macroscopic Plant Remains? 341

    Technical problems in analyzing macroplants and their solutions 341

    Archaeological sources 341

    Ethnobotanical and ethnoarchaeological sources 341

    What Kinds of Methods Can Be Effectively Used to Retrieve and Analyze Plant Remains? 342

    Basic plant classification 344

    Archaeological retrieval and identification of seeds, nuts, and fruits (carpology) 346

    Wood and charcoal (anthracology) 346

    More problems in the analysis of plant remains 346

    Case Study 11.1: Plant Remains from Kawambarai Cave, Near Coonabarabran, Eastern Australia (by Wendy Beck and Dee Murphy) 349

    Conclusion 354

    Further Reading 355

    References 355

    12 Shell Middens and Mollusks 361
    Sandra Bowdler

    Introduction 361

    Background 363

    The Creation of Middens 363

    The Identification of Middens 364

    Field Procedures 366

    Dating Middens 370

    Laboratory Procedures 370

    Hand Sorting into Components 371

    Shellfish Analysis 372

    Identification of Shellfish and Other Species 373

    Further Analysis 378

    Shell Artifacts 379

    Fish Remains 379

    Interpretation 379

    Acknowledgments 380

    Resources 380

    References 381

    13 Artifacts of the Modern World 385
    Susan Lawrence

    Introduction 385

    Cataloging Artifacts 387

    Domestic Ceramics 388

    Clay Tobacco Pipes 392

    Bottle Glass 394

    Glass tools 398

    Beads and Buttons 398

    Metal Containers 399

    Firearms 400

    Building Materials 400

    Cemeteries and Gravestones 403

    Artifact Analysis 403

    Case Study 13.1: Kelly and Lucas' Whaling Station, Adventure Bay, Tasmania 407

    Conclusion 409

    Resources 409

    Further Reading 409

    References 410

    14 Historical Sources 415
    Barbara J. Little

    Introduction 415

    Archaeology and Historical Sources 417

    Preparing for research 417

    Identifying sources 419

    Verify, evaluate, and discriminate 422

    Case Study 14.1: Scales of History and Historical Archaeology 423

    What Are the Relationships between Documents and Archaeological Evidence? 427

    Identification 427

    Complement 428

    Hypothesis formation and testing 429

    Contradiction 429

    Confronting myths 429

    Creating context 430

    Making an archaeological contribution to history 431

    Acknowledgments 432

    Resources 432

    Archives 432

    General 432

    Oral history 433

    Published resources 433

    References 433

    15 Writing the Past 436
    Peter White

    Introduction 436

    First Decisions 436

    What do I want to write about? 437

    Who is my audience? 437

    Structure 438

    Aims 438

    Background 438

    Methods 439

    Results 439

    Conclusions 439

    An abstract summarizes the text 439

    References 440

    Acknowledgments 440

    Writing 440

    Language 442

    Writing for Publication 444

    Audience 444

    Start afresh 444

    Follow instructions 444

    Think about illustrations and tables 444

    Reference efficiently 446

    Read your proofs carefully 447

    Conclusion 447

    Acknowledgments 447

    Further Reading 447

    References 448

    Appendix: Getting Things Right 449

    SI units 449

    Radiocarbon dates 449

    Referencing 449

    Proofing symbols 450

    Index 451