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Produktbild: Fertility of Soils
Band 10

Fertility of Soils A Future for Farming in the West African Savannah

Aus der Reihe Springer Series in Physical Environment

Fr. 137.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

30.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

348

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.1 cm

Gewicht

562 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992

Übersetzt von

P. Gething

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-84322-8

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

30.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

348

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.1 cm

Gewicht

562 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992

Übersetzt von

P. Gething

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-84322-8

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

Email: ProductSafety@springernature.com

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  • Produktbild: Fertility of Soils
  • General Introduction.- 1 Scope of the Study.- 1.1 Geography.- 1.2 Agricultural Conditions.- 1.3 Aims of the Study.- 1.4 Procedure.- 1.4.1 Sources of Information.- 1.5 Interpretation.- 1.6 From Scientific Analysis to Technical Advice: Extrapolation.- I Fertility and Agricultural Development.- 2 Definition of Fertility.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Components of Fertility.- 2.2.1 Climate and the Plant.- 2.2.2 Soil and the Plant.- 2.3 The General Concept of Fertility.- 2.3.1 Production Potential.- 2.3.2 Costs.- 2.3.3 The Risks.- 3 The Farming Environment.- 3.1 Climate.- 3.1.1 Drought.- 3.1.2 Consequences of Climate for Agriculture.- 3.2 Natural Vegetation.- 3.3 Soil Morphology and Pedology.- 3.3.1 Soils on Dune Sands.- 3.3.2 Soils on the Basement Complex and Continental Sediments.- 3.3.3 Possibilities for Cultivation.- 3.4 Physicochemical Properties of the Soils.- 3.4.1 The Organomineral Fraction.- 3.4.2 Surface Activity.- 4 Population and Migration.- 4.1 Low Density of Population.- 4.2 Population Dynamics.- 4.2.1 Population Growth.- 4.2.2 Composition of the Population.- 4.2.3 Migration.- 4.3 Population and Land Use.- 4.3.1 Rural Exodus and Food Aid.- 4.3.2 Increase in Pressure on Available Land.- 5 Agricultural Policy.- 5.1 Increasing Food Shortage.- 5.2 Agricultural Policies Have Not Provided Security for the Farmers.- 5.3 Conclusion.- II Present Fertility Status.- IIA Crop Yields in Recent Times.- 6 National Yield Trends.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Stagnant Yields.- 6.3 Some Yields on the Increase.- 6.4 Declining Yields.- 7 Yields in Project Areas.- 7.1 Groundnut Areas.- 7.1.1 Two Intensification Projects.- 7.1.2 Millet and Groundnut in Senegal: Yields 1960–1979.- 7.2 The Cotton Growing Areas.- 7.2.1 Yields Tending to Stabilize Following a Large Increase: Northern Ivory Coast.- 7.2.2 Fluctuating Yields Tending to Decline: Upper Casamance, Senegal.- 8 Summary: Moderate Yields Giving Concern for the Future.- IIB The Development of Soils Under Cropping in Practical Farming.- 9 Soil Development Under Traditional Farming.- 9.1 Clearing from Forest.- 9.2 Clearing After Long Grass Fallow.- 9.2.1 Period Under Continuous Cropping.- 9.2.2 Duration of Fallow and Soil Regeneration.- 10 The Effect of Population Growth on the Soil.- 10.1 Population Increase When Land Is Available.- 10.1.1 Without Change in Farming Systems.- 10.1.2 Land Utilization with Change in Cultural Practices.- 10.2 Rural Population Increase in a Confined Space.- 10.2.1 Consequences for Cultivated Soils.- 10.2.2 Rural Population Pressure, Firewood Shortage, and Soil Deterioration.- 10.2.3 Rural Migration and the Environment.- 10.3 Migration into Thinly Populated Country.- 10.3.1 Migration into Populated Rural Areas.- 10.3.2 Migration and Extensification.- 11 Agricultural Intensification and Its Consequences for the Management of Soil Fertility.- 11.1 Cotton Growing.- 11.2 Intensification of Cotton Growing When Land Is Plentiful.- 11.2.1 Introduction of Animal Traction.- 11.2.2 Change in Allocation of Land Between Crops.- 11.2.3 Mechanized Clearing.- 11.2.4 Disturbance to Traditional Farming Systems.- 11.3 Intensification of Cotton Growing When Land Availability Is Limited.- 12 Summary of Part II.- III Experimental Bases of Sustainability.- 13 Sustainable Yields.- 13.1 Agricultural Research and Sustainability.- 13.2 Assessment of Sustainability.- IIIA The Ecological Approach.- 14 Farming and Physical Degradation of the Soil.- 14.1 Overall Effect of Farming on Soil Degradation.- 14.2 Erosion.- 15 Root Development of Crops and Biological Imbalance in Soils.- 15.1 Soils and Crop Rooting.- 15.2 Cropping and Soil Organisms.- 15.2.1 Living Soil Organisms.- 15.2.2 Farming and Change in Soil Microbiological Activity.- 15.2.3 Cropping and the Activity of the Soil Fauna.- 15.3 Conclusion.- IIIB Soil Development and Crop Yield in Permanent Rain-Fed Farming — Long-Term Experiments.- 16 Introduction — The Interpretation of Long-Term Experiments.- 16.1 General Approach.- 16.2 Selection of Experiments.- 16.2.1 Interpretation.- 16.3 Analytical Criteria of Soil Fertility.- 16.3.1 Acidity.- 16.3.2 Organic Matter.- 17 Year-to-Year Variation in Yield: The Effect of Rainfall and Its Distribution.- 17.1 Crop Yield and Water Balance.- 17.2 Statisfaction of Water Requirement, Duration of Cropping, and Yield Pattern.- 18 Low Intensity Systems — Hand Cultivation.- 18.1 Change in Yields.- 18.2 Changes in Fertilizer Efficiency.- 19 Hand Cultivation with Intensification.- 19.1 Change in Yield.- 19.2 Changes in the Soil.- 20 Systems Using Animal Traction.- 20.1 Changes in Crop Yield.- 20.1.1 Yield Trends and Fertilizer Usage.- 20.1.2 Effect of Combined Use of Fertilizers and Organic Manures on Yield.- 20.2 Change in Soil Properties Under Mechanical Tillage.- 20.2.1 The Effects of Fertilizers and Manures on Soil Acidification.- 20.2.2 Manures, Fertilizers, and Soil Organic Matter Content.- 20.2.3 Erosion, Organic and Nutrient Balance in the Soil.- 21 Summary of Part III: Indications from Long-Term Experiments.- IV Major Processes in the Development of Soil Fertility.- IVA Items in the Organic Matter Balance in the Soil.- 22 Introduction — Soil as a System.- 22.1 The Soil Under Cultivation as a System.- 22.2 Outline of the Soil-Plant System.- 23 Items in the Organic Matter Balance of Cultivated Soils and Their Evolution.- 23.1 The Main Forms of Soil Organic Matter.- 23.2 Processes Within the Organic Matter Compartment.- 23.3 Inputs to and Outputs from the Organic Matter Compartment.- 23.4 The Organic Matter Balance and Plant Production.- 23.5 Items in the Carbon Balance.- 24 Tillage and the Organic Matter Balance of Cultivated Soils.- 24.1 Ploughing and Yield.- 24.2 Ploughing and Biological Activity.- 24.3 Ploughing and the Circulation of Surface Water.- 24.4 Ploughing and the Organic Matter Balance.- 25 Additions of Plant Nutrients and the Organic Matter Balance in the Soil.- 25.1 Nutrients and Yield.- 25.2 Nutrient Application and Root Growth.- 25.3 Nutrients and the Stimulation of Biological Activity.- 25.3.1 Extension of the Rhizosphere.- 25.3.2 Stimulation of Microbiological Activity.- 25.4 Applied Nutrients and Surface Water Economy.- 25.5 Fertilizers and Soil Organic Matter Balance.- 25.6 Mineral and Organic Nitrogen and the Organic Matter Balance of the Soil.- 25.6.1 Results of Pot Experiments.- 25.6.2 Results of Field Experiments.- 25.6.3 Modification of Organic Materials Added to the Soil.- 26 Establishing the Organic Matter Balance in Cultivated Soils.- 26.1 Crop Yield and the Organic Matter Balance of Cultivated Soils.- 26.2 A Quantitative Approach to the Organic Matter Balance.- 26.2.1 Estimation of the Annual Rate of Soil Organic Matter Loss.- 26.2.2 The Effect of Cultural Practice on k.- 26.2.3 Proposal for Calculating the Organic Matter Balance.- 26.3 Critical Values of Soil Organic Matter Content.- 26.3.1 Organic Matter and Structural Stability of the Soil.- 26.3.2 Organic Matter and Biological Activity in Soil.- IVB Items in the Nutrient Balance of the Soil and Their Evolution.- 27 Forms of Mineral Material in the Soil and Their Distribution.- 27.1 Inorganic Compartments in the Soil.- 27.2 Exchange Mechanisms Between the Three Categories of Soil Nutrients.- 27.3 Nutrient Inputs and Outputs in Cultivated Soils.- 27.4 Calculation of the Nutrient Balance.- 28 Measurement of the Items in the Nutrient Balance of the Soil.- 28.1 Nutrient Inputs.- 28.1.1 Nutrients Added in Organic Manures.- 28.2 Nutrient Outputs from the Soil-Plant System.- 28.3 Nutrient Balance and Water Balance.- 29 Calculated Nutrient Balance for Several Systems.- 29.1 Cotton-Cereal Systems.- 29.2 Nutrient Balance in Millet-Groundnut Systems.- 29.3 Groundnuts and the Nitrogen Balance.- 30 Establishing Nutrient Balance Sheets for Cultivated Soil.- 30.1 Balances for Individual Nutrients.- 30.1.1 Nitrogen.- 30.1.2 Calcium and Magnesium — Soil Acidification.- 30.1.3 Potassium.- 30.1.4 Phosphate.- 30.1.5 Sulfur.- 30.2 Critical Nutrient Levels.- 30.3 Deficiency Levels of Soil Nutrients.- 30.4 Diagnosis of Nutrient Deficiency by Plant Analysis.- 31 Summary of Part IV.- 31.1 Organic Matter Balance.- 31.2 Nutrient Balance.- General Conclusions.- 32 Evolution of Soil Fertility in the Savannah Area to the South of the Sahara.- 32.1 Causes of the Decline in the Fertility of Farming Land.- 32.2 Change in the Fertility of Cultivated Fields and Its Causes.- 33 Requirements for the Establishment of Sustainable Agriculture in the Savannah Zone.- 33.1 Fertility: Technical Proposals and Rural Policy.- 33.2 Management of Fertility in Small Farming Areas.- 33.2.1 Management of Fertility Under Nonsaturated Conditions.- 33.2.2 Management of Fertility — Areas Approaching Saturation.- 33.3 Management of Soil Fertility on the Farm.- 33.3.1 The Prime Requirement for Fertility: The Root System.- 33.3.2 Simple Technical Measures.- 33.3.3 Management and the Information on Which It Is Based.- 33.4 The African Savannah — Land of Good Hope.- References.