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Band 22

Nonlinear Laser Chemistry Multiple-Photon Excitation

Aus der Reihe Springer Series in Chemical Physics

Fr. 137.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

19.04.2012

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

418

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.4 cm

Gewicht

657 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-87648-6

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

19.04.2012

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

418

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.4 cm

Gewicht

657 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-87648-6

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

Email: ProductSafety@springernature.com

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  • Produktbild: Nonlinear Laser Chemistry
  • Produktbild: Nonlinear Laser Chemistry
  • 1. Introduction.- 1.1 General Concepts of Selective Photophysics and Photochemistry.- 1.1.1 Inter- and Intramolecular Selectivity.- 1.1.2 Photochemical and Photophysical Processes.- 1.1.3 History of Selective Photochemistry and Photophysics.- 1.2 Classification of Selective Molecular Photoprocesses Induced by Laser Radiation.- 1.2.1 Laser Radiation Properties.- 1.2.2 Nonlinear (Multi-Step and Multi-Photon) Photoexcitation.- 1.2.3 Type of Selective Molecular Photoprocess.- 1.3 Selectivity and Yields of Photochemical Processes.- 1.3.1 Processes Leading to Losses in Selectivity.- 1.3.2 Photochemical Collisional Reaction.- 1.3.3 Photochemical Monomolecular Reactions.- 1.3.4 The Yield of the Photoprocess with Multi-Photon Excitation.- 1.4 Applications of Selective Laser Photochemistry.- 1.4.1 Various Aggregate States of Substance.- 1.4.2 Various Trends of Applications.- 2. Selective Photoexcitation of Atoms and Molecules.- 2.1 Isotopic Selectivity in Linear Photoexcitation of Atoms and Molecules.- 2.1.1 Isotopic Shifts for Atoms.- 2.1.2 Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Spin for Atoms.- 2.1.3 Isotope Shifts in Molecular Spectra.- 2.1.4 Nuclear Spin Effects in Molecules.- 2.2 Limitations of Linear Selectivity of Photoexcitation and Methods for Its Enhancement.- 2.2.1 Overlapping of Spectral Lines. Atomic Beams.- 2.2.2 Overlapping of Vibrational-Rotational Absorption Bands. Cooling of Molecules.- 2.3 Methods for the Enhancement of Selectivity with Nonlinear Photoexcitation.- 2.3.1 Selectivity Multiplication in a Multi-Step Process.- 2.3.2 Selectivity of Two-Photon Excitation of Overlapping Doppler-Broadened Lines.- 2.3.3 Selectivity of Multi-Step Excitation of Overlapping Nonhomogeneously Broadened Lines.- 2.3.4 Selectivity of Multi-Step Photoexcitation with Temporal Pulse Selection.- 2.4 Overall Selectivity of Photochemical Processes.- 3. Multi-Step Selective Photoionization of Atoms.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Qualitative Considerations.- 3.1.2 First Experiments.- 3.2 Characteristics of Multi-Step Photoionization.- 3.2.1 Kinetics of Two-Step Ionization.- 3.2.2 Coherent Interaction Effects.- 3.2.3 Various Methods of Ionizing Excited Atoms.- 3.3 Photoionization from Excited States to the Continuum and Autoionization States.- 3.3.1 Measurement of the Photoionization Cross-Section by the Method of Quantum State Depletion.- 3.3.2 Frequency Dependence of the Photoionization Cross-Section.- 3.3.3 Autoionization Resonances of Excited States.- 3.4 Ionization of Highly Excited (Rydberg) Atomic States.- 3.4.1 Properties of Highly Excited Atoms.- 3.4.2 Electric Field Ionization.- a) Theoretical Treatment.- b) Experimental Results.- c) Total Ionization Yield.- 3.4.3 Photoionization Through IR Radiation.- 3.5 Collision Processes in the Multi-Step Ionization of Atoms.- 3.5.1 Resonance Energy Transfer Between Atoms.- 3.5.2 Collisional Ionization of Excited Atoms.- a) Electron Capture.- b) Associative Ionization.- c) Electron Escape.- 3.5.3 Resonant Charge Transfer.- 4. Selective Monomolecular Photoprocesses with Nonlinear Excitation of Electronic States.- 4.1 Methods Used in the Multi-Step Excitation of Molecular Electronic States.- 4.2 Photodissociation of Molecules by Two-Step Excitation Through Vibrational States.- 4.2.1 Electronic Absorption Spectrum from Excited Vibrational States.- 4.2.2 Effect of the Rotational “Bottleneck” on Photoexcitation of Vibrations.- 4.2.3 Selectivity of Two-Step IR-UV Photoexcitation.- a) Ultimate Spectral Selectivity.- b) Influence of Thermal Excitation of Vibrations.- 4.2.4 Isotopically-Selective IR-UV Photodissociation.- 4.2.5 Loss of Selectivity Due to Collisions.- a) V-V Exchange Between Lower Vibrational Levels.- b) Secondary Photochemical Processes.- 4.3 Monomolecular Photoprocesses with Multi-Photon Vibrational and Subsequent Electronic Excitation.- 4.3.1 Distortion of the Electronic Absorption Spectrum Due to Multi-Photon Excitation of Vibrations.- 4.3.2 Selective IR-UV Photodissociation of Isotopic Molecules.- 4.3.3 UV-IR Photoisomerization of Molecules.- a) Schemes of Photoisomerization.- b) Stepwise IR-UV Photoisomerization.- c) Competition Between Isomerization and Dissociation.- 4.3.4 IR-VUV Photoionization of Molecules.- 4.4 Photoionization of Molecules Through Nonlinear Excitation of Electronic States.- 4.4.1 Two-Step UV-VUV Photoionization.- 4.4.2 Photoionization and Photofragmentation Using Intense Resonant UV Laser Light.- 4.4.3 Multi-Photon Photoionization Using Very Intense Laser Light.- 5. Multi-Photon Monomolecular Photoprocesses in the Ground Electronic State.- 5.1 Introduction to IR Multi-Photon Laser Chemistry.- 5.1.1 Early Papers and the First Experiments.- 5.1.2 Basic Processes.- 5.2 Multi-Photon (MP) Absorption of IR Radiation and Excitation of Molecules Through Lower Vibrational Levels.- 5.2.1 MP Absorption Characteristics.- 5.2.2 Fraction of Excited Molecules.- 5.2.3 Theory of the Excitation of Lower Vibrational Levels.- a) Model for MP Transitions.- b) Model for Anharmonicity Compensation.- c) Model for Weak Transitions.- 5.2.4 Comparison of Theory with Experiment.- 5.3 Multi-Photon Excitation of Molecules in the Vibrational Quasi-Continuum and Distribution of Vibrational Energy.- 5.3.1 Properties of the Vibrational Quasi-Continuum.- 5.3.2 Excitation and Vibrational Distribution of Molecules in the Quasi-Continuum.- 5.3.3 Stochastization of Vibrational Energy.- 5.3.4 Comparison of Theory with Experiment.- 5.4 Dissociation of Highly Excited Molecules.- 5.4.1 Characteristics of the MP Dissociation.- 5.4.2 MP Dissociation in Two-Frequency IR Fields.- 5.4.3 Statistical Theory of Monomolecular Decay.- 5.4.4 Kinetic Model of the MP Dissociation.- 5.4.5 MP Dissociation Products.- 5.4.6 Collision Effects.- a) Collisions with Buffer Gas.- b) Collisions Between Molecules.- c) Secondary Processes.- 5.5 Molecular Isomerization under MP Excitation.- 5.5.1 Features of the MP Isomerization.- 5.5.2 Experimental Data.- 5.6 Isotopic Selectivity of the MP Dissociation.- 5.6.1 Methods of Measuring the Selectivity.- 5.6.2 Dependence of Selectivity on Frequency and Intensity of Laser Pulses.- a) Spectral Dependence.- b) Intensity Dependence.- c) Selectivity of the MP Dissociation Using IR Pulses of Two Different Frequencies.- 5.6.3 Role of V-V Exchange.- 6. Laser Photoseparation on an Atomic and a Molecular Level.- 6.1 Introduction to Methods of Laser Photoseparation.- 6.1.1 Characteristics of the Separation Cell.- a) Selectivity of Isotope Separation.- b) Degree of Isotope Extraction.- c) Energy Consumption of the Photoseparation.- 6.1.2 Potential Advantages of Laser Separation.- 6.2 Separation of Atoms Through Photoionization.- 6.2.1 General Characteristics of the Method.- 6.2.2 Isotope Separation.- 6.2.3 Separation of Radioactive Isotopes and Nuclear Isomers.- 6.2.4 Pure Materials Technology at an Atomic Level.- 6.3 Separation of Molecules Through Photodissociation.- 6.3.1 General Characteristics of the Method.- a) Optimal Photoseparation Process.- b) Chemical Cycle.- c) Choice of the Starting Material.- 6.3.2 Isotope Separation.- a) Isotopes of Light and Medium Mass. Scaling of the Process of Laser Separation.- b) Isotopes of Uranium.- c) Hydrogen Isotopes.- 6.3.3 Laser Purification.- 7. Selective Laser Detection of Atoms and Molecules.- 7.1 Detection of Single Atoms by Selective Multi-Step Photoionization.- 7.1.1 Detection of Atoms in a Beam.- 7.1.2 Detection of Atoms in a Buffer Gas.- 7.1.3 Modifications of the Photoionization Method.- 7.1.4 Detection Selectivity and Isotopes of Cosmogenic Origin.- 7.2 Detection of Molecules by Selective Photoionization and Mass Spectrometry.- 7.2.1 Idea of a Two-Dimensional Optical Mass Spectrometer.- 7.2.2 Detection of Single Molecules in a Photoionization Mass Spectrometer.- 7.2.3 Selective Laser Photoionization Detector.- a) Molecular Photoionization Through Intermediate Electronic States.- b) Molecular Photoionization Through Intermediate Vibrational States.- 7.3 Laser Photoionization Visualization of Molecules and Spatial Localization of Molecular Bonds.- 7.3.1 Principle of a Laser Photoelectron (Photoion) Microscope.- 7.3.2 Ultimate Spatial Resolution.- 7.3.3 Photodetachment of Molecular Photoions from a Surface.- 7.3.4 Wave-Corpuscular (Photoion or Photoelectron) Microscopy.- 8. Laser Photochemistry and Photobiochemistry.- 8.1 IR Multi-Photon Photochemistry.- 8.1.1 Classification of IR Laser Methods in Photochemistry.- 8.1.2 Mode- (or Bond-)Selective Photochemistry.- 8.1.3 Molecule-Selective Laser-Induced Chemical Synthesis.- a) Photochemical Syntheses of High Yield.- b) Combined (Thermal and IR Laser) Chemical Synthesis.- c) Photochemical Synthesis at Higher Pressures.- d) Competition of Different Channels in Photochemical Synthesis.- 8.1.4 Nonselective IR Photochemistry.- 8.2 Nonlinear Photochemistry of Biomolecules in Solution.- 8.2.1 Nonlinear Photoexcitation of Complex Molecules in Solution.- a) Nonlinear Photoexcitation Through Intermediate Vibrational States.- b) Nonlinear Photoexcitation Through Intermediate Electronic States.- 8.2.2 Photochemical Reactions of Molecules in Solution After Two-Step Excitation.- a) Photodecomposition of the Bases of Nucleic Acids by Picosecond UV Pulses.- b) Photochemical Synthesis of Amino Acids Using Picosecond UV Pulses.- c) Action of Picosecond UV Pulses on the DNA of Viruses and Cells.- Main Notations.- References.- Additional Reading.