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Produktbild: Neuromuscular Junction
Band 42

Neuromuscular Junction

Aus der Reihe Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Fr. 137.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

21.03.2012

Herausgeber

E. Zaimis

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

748

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/4.1 cm

Gewicht

1300 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1976

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-45478-3

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

21.03.2012

Herausgeber

E. Zaimis

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

748

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/4.1 cm

Gewicht

1300 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1976

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-45478-3

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

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  • Produktbild: Neuromuscular Junction
  • Introductory Chapter The Neuromuscular Junction: Areas of Uncertainty.- Neuromuscular Block by Prolonged Depolarisation.- Desensitisation.- The Clinical Picture.- The Presence of Other Drugs.- The Importance of the Drug Structure and that of the Acetylcholine Receptor.- Pre-Synaptic or Post-Synaptic Action?.- Closing Remarks.- References.- 1 The Anatomy and Pathology of the Neuromuscular Junction.- A. Introduction.- B. Normal Muscle.- I. The Motor Unit.- II. Pattern of Innervation and Distribution of Motor End-Plates.- III. The Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction.- 1. Axon Terminals.- 2. Experimental Modifications of the Structure of the Axon Terminal.- 3. Transmitter Release and Synaptic Vesicles.- 4. The Postsynaptic Region.- 5. The Localization of Cholinesterase.- 6. The Basement Membrane.- 7. The Localization of Acetylcholine Receptors.- C. Development, Growth, and Plasticity of the Neuromuscular Junction.- 1. Development of the Neuromuscular Junction.- 2. Development in Tissue Culture.- 3. Structural Denervation.- D. The Neuromuscular Junction in Disorders of Transmission.- 1. Myasthenia Gravis.- 2. The Myasthenic Syndrome.- 3. Hereditary Motor End-Plate Disease in the Mouse.- 4. The Effects of Botulinum Toxin.- 5. The Effects of Tetanus Toxin.- E. The Neuromuscular Junction in Disorders of the Muscle Fibre.- F. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Neurochemistry of Cholinergic Terminals.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods for Extracting and Measuring Acetylcholine.- 1. Preparation of Tissues for Extraction of ACh.- 2. Extraction of ACh.- 3. Assay of ACh.- C. Acetylcholine Synthesis.- 1. Choline Acetyltransferase: its Location and Physical Properties.- 2. Choline Acetyltransferase: its Chemistry, Substrates, and Inhibitors.- 3. Choline Acetyltransferase: its Kinetics.- 4. Supply of Acetyl Groups for ACh Synthesis.- 5. Supply of Choline for ACh Synthesis.- 6. Transport of Choline.- 7. Inhibitors of Choline Transport.- 8. ACh Uptake.- 9. Control of ACh Synthesis.- D. Acetylcholine Storage.- 1. Brain.- 2. Ganglion.- 3. Skeletal Muscle.- 4. Electric Organ.- 5. Other Tissues.- E. Acetylcholine Release.- 1. Correlation of Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Data.- 2. ACh Content: Vesicles vs. Quanta.- 3. Is ACh Released from the Nerve-Terminal Cytoplasm?.- 4. Is Release of ACh Regenerative?.- 5. Calcium and ACh Release.- 6. Neurotoxins and ACh Release.- 7. Drugs and ACh Release.- 8. Cyclic Nucleotides, Prostaglandins and ACh Release.- 9. Contractile Proteins, Microtubules and Microfilaments.- 10. Are Quanta Released by Exocytosis?.- F. Acetylcholine Turnover.- 1. Tissue ACh Turnover during Rest and Activity.- 2. Preferential Release of Newly Synthesized ACh.- 3. ACh Turnover in Relation to Changes in Ultrastructure.- 4. ACh Turnover as Studied by Cell Fractionation Techniques.- 5. Transfer of ACh between Pools or Compartments.- 6. A Tentative Model for ACh Storage and Metabolism.- G. Removal of Acetylcholine.- 1. Enzymatic Destruction.- 2. ACh Uptake.- 3. Diffusion from the Synaptic Cleft.- H. Axonal Transport of Materials Related to Cholinergic Transmission.- 1. Acetylcholinesterase.- 2. Choline Acetyltransferase.- 3. Acetylcholine.- 4. Other Materials.- 5. Effects of Agents that Block Axonal Transport.- 6. A Note on Other Trophic Influences Mediated by Cholinergic Nerves.- I. Prolonged Neurochemical Changes Resulting from Synaptic Activity.- 1. Causes of Synaptic Plasticity.- 2. Post-Tetanic Potentiation.- 3. Enzyme Induction.- 4. Possible Contribution by Glial Elements.- References.- 3 Transmission of Impulses from Nerve to Muscle.- A. Introduction.- B. The Muscle Fibre and the Action of Acetylcholine.- I. Some Relevant Properties of Muscle Fibres.- 1. The Membrane Potential and its Measurement.- 2. Factors Influencing the Membrane Potential.- II. The End-Plate Potential.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Characteristics of the Permeability Change Caused by the Transmitter.- 3. The Representation of Transmitter Action in Electrical Terms.- 4. The Influence of the Non-Synaptic Membrane on the Response to Acetylcholine.- III. The Ion Selectivity of the Permeability Change Produced by the Transmitter.- 1. The Voltage Clamp Technique.- 2. The End-Plate Current.- 3. Relative Contribution of Different Ions to the Conductance Increase.- 4. Characteristics of the Additional Ion Channels.- 5. Evidence on Ion Selectivity from the Use of Radio-Isotopes.- IV. Localization of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Ionophoretic Method of Drug Application.- 3. Evidence on Receptor Distribution from Ionophoretic Experiments.- 4. Other Electrophysiological Evidence on the Distribution of Receptors.- 5. Evidence on Receptor Distribution from Experiments with Labelled Antagonists.- 6. Denervated Muscle.- 7. Characteristics of Acetylcholine Receptors in Denervated Muscle.- V. The Interaction between Acetylcholine and its Receptors.- 1. Classical Models of Receptor Action.- 2. The “Allosteric” Model of the Receptor.- 3. New Evidence on Receptor Action: Acetylcholine “Noise”.- 4. The Response to Prolonged Application of Depolarizing Agents.- VI. Modification of Transmitter Action.- 1. Competitive Antagonism.- 2. Evidence for Competition between Curare Alkaloids and Acetylcholine.- 3. Other Agents which Influence Transmitter Action.- C. Pre-Synaptic Events.- I. Introduction.- II. Miniature End-Plate Potentials.- 1. Occurrence.- 2. Amplitudes of Miniature End-Plate Potentials.- 3. Abnormal Miniature End-Plate Potentials.- 4. The Rate of Spontaneous Release.- 5. External Recording of Spontaneous Discharge.- III. Evidence for the Quantal Nature of Evoked Transmitter Release.- 1. Intracellular Recording: Counts of “Failures”.- 2. Evidence from Extracellular Recording: Counts of Quanta.- 3. Amplitude Distribution of Responses.- 4. Variance of the Amplitude Distribution.- 5. Evidence that Fluctuations in Transmitter Release Reflect Variations in the Number of Quanta Released Rather than in the Amount of Transmitter per Quantum during Facilitation and Depression.- 6. Quantal Nature of Transmitter Release Evoked by Presynaptic Depolarization without Action Potentials.- IV. Physical and Statistical Models for Quantal Release.- V. The Calcium Hypothesis.- VI. Estimating Values of the Quantal Content.- 1. Methods.- 2. Estimates of Normal Quantal Contents.- 3. Errors in Quantal Content Estimates in the Presence of Drugs.- VII. Studies on Evoked Release of Transmitter.- 1. Methods of Evoking Release.- 2. Relationship between the Various Methods of Evoking Release.- VIII. Factors Affecting Evoked Transmitter Release.- 1. Calcium and Magnesium.- 2. Non-Specific Factors Affecting Evoked Release.- 3. Agents which Increase Evoked Transmitter Release.- 4. Substances which Reduce Evoked Transmitter Release.- 5. Relationship between Changes in Evoked and Spontaneous Release of Transmitter.- IX. Facilitation and Depression.- 1. Depression and Depletion of Evoked Transmitter Release.- 2. Short Term Facilitation.- 3. Post-Tetanic Potentiation (Presynaptic).- D. Postscript.- References.- 4A Depolarising Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- A. General Introduction.- B. An Introduction to the Pharmacological Actions of Decamethonium at the Neuromuscular Junction.- C. End-Plate Depolarisation by Decamethonium and Suxamethonium in vivo.- D. Effect of Decamethonium, Suxamethonium and Acetylcholine on the Electrical Properties of Single Mammalian Muscle Cells.- 1. Membrane Potential.- 2. Input Resistance.- 3. Effect of Acetylcholine on Membrane Potential.- 4. The Effect of Decamethonium in Chloride-Free Solution.- 5. The Effect of Ouabain.- E. Depolarisation Versus Desensitisation.- F. Species Differences and Depolarising Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- I. Man and Cat.- II. Other Mammalian Species.- III. Avian Muscle.- G. Factors which May Modify the Action of Depolarising Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs and Variations Due to Experimental Conditions.- I. The Effect of Lowered Muscle Temperature.- II. Tachyphylaxis.- III. “Potentiation” of a Maximal Twitch.- IV. Frequency of Stimulation.- H. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4B Competitive Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- A. Introduction and Terminology.- B. Chemical Structure.- C. Methods Used to Measure Neuromuscular Blockade.- I. Muscle Contractions Evoked by Stimulation of the Motor Nerve.- II. Recording of Muscle Contraction.- 1. Selection of Strain Gauge.- 2. Optimal Muscle Length.- 3. Influence of Temperature.- 4. Correlation between Twitch Size and Receptor Occlusion.- III. Recording of Action Potentials.- IV. Measurements of Membrane Potential.- 1. Extracellular Recording.- 2. Intracellular Microelectrode Recording.- D. Distribution of Competitive Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- I. General Properties.- II. Transport of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs across Cell Membranes.- 1. Entry into Liver Cell and Biotransformation.- 2. Excretion into Bile.- 3. Entry into Muscle Cells.- III. Plasma Protein Binding.- E. Factors Affecting Duration of Action in Animals and Man.- I. Species Variation.- 1. Potency.- 2. Duration of Action.- II. Biotransformation in the Liver.- III. Renal and Biliary Excretion.- IV. Redistribution.- 1. Binding in Extracellular Compartment.- 2. Binding at End-Plate Region.- V. Termination of Action by Chemical Inactivation of the Drug.- F. Mechanism of Action at Neuromuscular Junction.- I. Evidence for Competitive Antagonism in vitro.- II. Evidence for Competitive Antagonism in vivo.- 1. Quantitative Studies.- 2. Qualitative Studies.- III. Factors Affecting Neuromuscular Blocking Action.- 1. Sensitivity of Fast and Slow Fibres.- 2. Effect of Temperature.- 3. Effect of Age.- 4. Effect of Acidosis.- G. Effects at Cholinergic Synapses in the Autonomic Nervous System.- I. Actions on Autonomic Ganglia.- II. Actions on the Heart.- H. Histamine Release in Animals and Man.- J. Miscellaneous Drugs which Cause Muscle Paralysis.- I. General Anaesthetics.- II. Barbiturate and Non-Barbiturate Hypnotic Drugs.- III. Local Anaesthetics.- IV. Antibiotics.- References.- 4C Pharmacology of Anticholinesterase Drugs.- A. Introduction.- B. Morphology and Function of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE).- I. Localization of AChE at the Motor End-Plate.- II. Hydrolysis of ACh.- C. Inhibition of AChE.- I. Kinetics of Inhibition of AChE.- II. Measurements of the in vivo Inhibition of AChE.- D. Actions of Anticholinesterases of the Carbamate and Organophosphate Type and of Anilinium Ions.- I. Twitch Potentiation.- II. Fasciculations.- III. Tetanic Fade.- IV. Anticurare Action.- 1. Anticurare Action at Frequencies of Nerve Stimulation which Normally Produce Twitch Responses.- 2. Anticurare Action at Frequencies of Nerve Stimulation which Normally Produce a Sustained Contraction of Muscles.- V. Reversal of the Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis.- VI. Selectivity of Action.- VII. Adaptation to Prolonged Inhibition of AChE.- VIII. Antidotal Effects of Tubocurarine and Reactivators of Phosphorylated AChE; Selectivity of Action of Reactivators.- IX. Inhibition of Cholinesterase (ChE).- General Conclusions.- Appendix I Studies on Frog Muscles.- Appendix II Anticholinesterases and Anilinium Ions Referred to in the Text.- Appendix III An Outline of the Methods Used to Calculate the Quantal Content of the e.p.p. and the Rate of Refilling and Size of the ACh Store in Nerve Terminals.- References.- 5A The Clinician Looks at Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- A. Introduction.- B. General Anaesthesia before Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- C. Clinical Influence of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- D. Three Possibly Fatal Reactions to Suxamethonium.- E. Less Serious Reactions to Suxamethonium.- F. Personal Technique.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 5B Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs in Man.- A. Introduction.- B. Measurement of Drug Action.- I. Voluntary Muscle Contractions.- II. Direct Measurement of Neuromuscular Transmission in Man.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Electrical Stimulation of Motor Nerves and Stimulus Schedules.- 3. Electromyographic Recording.- 4. Recording of Muscle Contractions.- 5. Experimental Conditions.- 6. Definition of Terms.- III. Quantitation of Neuromuscular Blockade and Assessment of Residual Blockade.- C. Pharmacokinetics of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- I. Distribution and Elimination.- II. Plasma Protein Binding.- III. The Placental and Blood-Brain Barriers.- D. Action of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs at the Neuromuscular Junction.- I. General Characteristics.- II. Influence of Anaesthetics.- III. Muscle Temperature and Blood Flow.- IV. Carbon Dioxide and Plasma pH.- V. Dual Block.- VI. Responses of Newborn Infants.- VII. Antibiotic Administration.- VIII. Suxamethonium and Muscle Pain.- IX. Suxamethonium and Plasma Cholinesterase.- X. Myopathy.- E. Other Actions of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- I. Histamine Release.- II. Cardiovascular Actions.- III. Suxamethonium and Hyperkalaemia.- IV. Ocular Actions.- References.- 5C Twenty Years’ Experience with Decamethonium.- A. Introduction.- B. First Clinical Reports.- C. Analysis of 32000 Administrations of Decamethonium.- I. Surgical Experience.- II. Analysis.- III. Methods of Administration.- 1. Early Techniques.- 2. Present Techniques.- IV. Complications.- V. Cardiovascular System and Decamethonium.- VI. Muscle Pains and Decamethonium.- D. Assessment.- References.- Author Index.