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  • Produktbild: Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains
  • Produktbild: Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains

Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains

Fr. 137.00

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

03.12.2011

Herausgeber

Guy Landmann + weitere

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

461

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.7 cm

Gewicht

733 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1995

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-79537-4

Beschreibung

Rezension

"Guy Landmann and Maurice Bonneau are to be congratulated. There have now been a number of books of this type on forest decline, however, this volume is focused and makes a valuable and unique contribution to the subject." - Environmental Pollution

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

03.12.2011

Herausgeber

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

461

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2.7 cm

Gewicht

733 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1995

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-79537-4

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains
  • Produktbild: Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains
  • 1: Forest Health and Productivity: Temporal Trends, Relation to Climate, Site and Stand Factors.- 1.1 Ground Monitoring of Crown Condition of Forest Trees in the French Mountains.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Brief Description of the French Mountainous Massifs.- 1.1.3 Methodology of the Surveys.- 1.1.3.1 Distribution of Observation Plots.- 1.1.3.2 Assessment Procedures, Training and Quality Assurance.- 1.1.4 Reliability of Observations: Results of a Calibration Exercise.- 1.1.4.1 Methodology and Data Processing.- 1.1.4.2 Main Results and Interpretation.- 1.1.5 Evolution of the Crown Condition of Four Important Mountainous Species.- 1.1.5.1 Silver Fir.- 1.1.5.2 Norway Spruce.- 1.1.5.3 Scots Pine.- 1.1.5.4 Beech.- 1.1.6 General Discussion.- 1.1.6.1 Representativeness of the Survey.- 1.1.6.2 Reliability of Observations.- 1.1.6.3 Comparability with Monitoring Data from Other Countries.- 1.1.6.4 Limitations of Crown Condition as a Health Indicator.- 1.1.6.5 Tentative Interpretation of Recent Changes in Crown Condition: Role of Climate and Unknown Factors.- 1.1.6.6 Recent Versus Historical Declines.- 1.1.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.1.8 References.- 1.2 Crown Damage in Norway Spruce and Silver Fir: Relation to Nutritional Status and Soil Chemical Characteristics in the French Mountains.- 1.2.1 Introduction.- 1.2.2 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Vosges Mountains.- 1.2.2.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.2.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.2.3 Medium-Term Evolution of Mineral Nutrition in a Mature Silver Fir Stand.- 1.2.3 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Jura.- 1.2.3.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.3.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.4 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Northern Alps.- 1.2.4.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.4.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.5 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Massif Central.- 1.2.5.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.5.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.5.3 Medium-Term Evolution of Ca, Mg and K Nutrition of Norway Spruce.- 1.2.6 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Pyrenees.- 1.2.6.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.6.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.7 Discussion.- 1.2.7.1 Consistency between General Soil Characteristics and Nutrient Deficiencies.- 1.2.7.2 Deficiency Symptoms: Cause of Damage or Secondary Symptoms?.- 1.2.7.3 Nutrient Deficiency and Crown Damage.- 1.2.7.4 Natural Fluctuations of Nutritional Deficiencies and the Definition of Threshold Values for Visible Symptoms.- 1.2.9 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.2.9 References.- 1.3 Crown Damage in Norway Spruce and Silver Fir: Relation to Site and Stand Factors in the French Mountains.- 1.3.1 Introduction.- 1.3.2 Crown Damage in Relation to Site and Stand Factors in the Vosges Mountains.- 1.3.2.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir Condition (1984).- 1.3.2.2 Regional Remote Sensing Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1985).- 1.3.2.3 Local Remote Sensing Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1990).- 1.3.2.4 Detailed Field Survey of Fir Condition (1987).- 1.3.2.5 Further Findings.- 1.3.2.6 Diagnosis.- 1.3.3 Crown Damage in Relation to Site and Stand Factorst in he Jura.- 1.3.3.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir Condition (1989).- 1.3.3.2 Diagnosis.- 1.3.4 Crown Damage in Relation to Site Condition in the Northern Alps.- 1.3.4.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1987).- 1.3.4.2 Diagnosis.- 1.3.5 Further Evidence from Other Mountainous Regions.- 1.3.6 Discussion.- 1.3.6.1 Methodological Aspects of Field Surveys of Forest Damage.- 1.3.6.2 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition in the French Mountains: Ecological Interpretation.- 1.3.6.3 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition Elsewhere in Europe.- 1.3.6.4 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition: Historical Versus Current Views.- 1.3.6.5 Role of Air Pollution, Correlation and Plausibility of Mechanisms.- 1.3.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.3.8 References.- 1.4 Growth and Decline Symptoms of Silver Fir and Norway Spruce in Northeastern France: Relation to Climate, Nutrition and Silviculture.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Material and Methods.- 1.4.3 Role of Climate in Health and Radial Growth of Silver Fir.- 1.4.3.1 Growth Depressions during the 20th Century.- 1.4.3.2 Importance of Climatic Factors to Radial Growth.- 1.4.4 Stand Dynamics and Defoliation.- 1.4.4.1 Relationships between Defoliation and Radial Growth.- 1.4.4.2 Role of Past Silvicultural Conditions in Present Silver Fir Decline.- 1.4.5 Stand Dynamics and Foliage Yellowing.- 1.4.5.1 Yellowing of Mature Silver Fir Trees.- 1.4.5.2 Yellowing of Mature Norway Spruce Trees.- 1.4.5.3 Yellowing and Height Growth of Young Spruce and Fir Trees.- 1.4.6 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.4.7 References.- 1.5 Long-term Changes in Forest Productivity in Northeastern France: the Dendroecological Approach.- 1.5.1 Introduction.- 1.5.2 Methods.- 1.5.2.1 Standardization from the Regional Mean Relation Between Radial Growth and Cambial Age.- 1.5.2.2 Method Known as “at Constant Cambial Age”.- 1.5.2.3 Analysis of Variance of a Bilinear Model.- 1.5.3 Long-term Radial Growth Trends in Various Coniferous and Broadleaved Trees in Northeastern France.- 1.5.3.1 Tree Species and Regions Studied.- 1.5.3.2 Results.- 1.5.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 1.5.5 References.- 1.6 Medium-Term Evolution of Forest Productivity in the French Mountains: The Use of National Forest Inventory Data.- 1.6.1 Introduction.- 1.6.2 Methodological Problems.- 1.6.2.1 Specific Problems due to IFN Methods.- 1.6.2.2 Problems Related to the Complexity of Forest Dynamics.- 1.6.3 Evolution of Four Major Species in the French Mountains over the Last Two Decades.- 1.6.3.1 Methods.- 1.6.3.2 Changes in Forest Productivity.- 1.6.4 Discussion.- 1.6.5 References.- 2: Atmospheric Deposition in France;.- 2 Atmospheric Deposition in France and Possible Relation with Forest Decline.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Material and Methods.- 2.3 Wet and Bulk Deposition.- 2.3.1 Acidity.- 2.3.2 Deposition.- 2.3.3 Historical Changes in Emissions.- 2.3.4 Historical Changes in Precipitation Chemistry.- 2.3.5 Variation in the Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Relation to the Composition of the Atmosphere.- 2.3.6 Variation of the Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Relation to its Geographical Origin.- 2.3.7 Variation in Wet Deposition over a Mountain Range: the Vosges Massif.- 2.4 Occult Deposition.- 2.5 Total Deposition Assessed by Throughfall Measurements.- 2.6 Discussion and Conclusion.- 2.7 References.- 3: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forest Nutrient Cycling and Related Effects on Plants.- 3.1 Comparative Hydrochemical Behaviour and Element Budgets of the Aubure (Vosges Massif) and Mont-Lozère (Southern Massif Central) Norway Spruce Forested Catchments.- 3.1.1 Introduction.- 3.1.2 Material and Methods.- 3.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics of the Compared Catchments.- 3.1.4 Comparative Hydrochemical Behaviour of Elements through the Ecosystems.- 3.1.4.1 Chemical Characteristics of Bulk Precipitation and Throughfall.- 3.1.4.2 Chemical Characteristics of Soil Solutions and Streamwaters.- 3.1.5 Input and Output: Comparative Hydrochemical Budgets of the Catchments.- 3.1.6 Discussion.- 3.1.7 Conclusion and Perspectives.- 3.1.8 References.- 3.2 Sulphur Stored in Forest Soils and the Relative Importance of Organic and Inorganic Forms. Examples from Mont Lozère (Southern Massif Central).- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Methods.- 3.2.3 Sulphur Storage and Relationships with the Main Soil Components.- 3.2.4 The Relative Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Sulphur Forms.- 3.2.5 Organic Sulphur Forms.- 3.2.6 References.- 3.3 Cycling and Budgets of Acidity and Nutrients in Norway Spruce Stands in Northeastern France and the Erzgebirge (Czech Republic).- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Materials and Methods.- 3.3.2.1 Sites.- 3.3.2.2 Research Sites and Methods.- 3.3.3 Size and Characteristics of the Soil and Biomass Pools.- 3.3.3.1 Soil Analytical Characteristics.- 3.3.3.2 Soil and Biomass Pools of the Basic Cations.- 3.3.4 Sources and Sinks of Acidity.- 3.3.4.1 The Dynamic of Ions Throughout the Ecosystems.- 3.3.4.2 Acidity Sources.- 3.3.4.3 Neutralization of Acidity.- 3.3.5 Nutrient Budgets and their Relationship with Forest Nutrition.- 3.3.6 Synthesis and Conclusion.- 3.3.7 References.- 3.4 Atmospheric Deposition, Forest Management and Soil Nutrient Availability: A Modelling Exercise.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Budget of Mineral Elements for a Forest Rotation.- 3.4.3 Effects of a Change in Silviculture and a Reduction in Atmospheric Deposition.- 3.4.3.1 Model Description and Calibration.- 3.4.3.2 Effects of a Change in Silviculture.- 3.4.3.3 Evaluation of the Reduction in Atmospheric Deposition Required in Order to Maintain Wood Production.- 3.4.4 Discussion and Conclusion.- 3.4.5 References.- 3.5 Potential Role of Aluminium Toxicity in Nutrient Deficiencies as Related to Forest Decline: An Assessment of Soil Solution Data from the Vosges Mountains.- 3.5.1 Introduction..- 3.5.2 General Considerations.- 3.5.3 Case Studies in the Vosges Mountains.- 3.5.3.1 General Studies.- 3.5.3.2 Al Speciation and Seasonal Toxicity in a Selected Declining Stand.- 3.5.4 General Discussion and Conclusion.- 3.5.5 References.- 3.6 Water Regime and Magnesium Deficiency : Manipulative Experiments in Young Norway Spruce Stands.- 3.6.1 Introduction.- 3.6.2 Effects of Altered Water Regime and Nutrient Supply on the Foliage Discolouration and Growth of Young Spruce Trees.- 3.6.2.1 Materials and Methods.- 3.6.2.2 Results and Discussion.- 3.6.3 Effects of an Experimental Drought on the Yellowing Status and the Dynamics of Mineral Elements in the Xylem Sap of Declining Spruce.- 3.6.3.1 Materials and Methods.- 3.6.3.2 Results.- 3.6.3.3 Discussion.- 3.6.4 Conclusion.- 3.6.5 References.- 3.7 Fertilization of Declining Conifers in the Vosges and the Ardennes: Effects on Soil, Nutrient Cycling, and Tree Health, Growth and Physiology.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Fertilization of Mature Declining Silver Fir and Norway Spruce Stands in the Vosges.- 3.7.2.1 Effects on Crown Condition and Mineral Nutrition.- 3.7.2.2 Effects on Radial Growth.- 3.7.2.3 Effects on Nutrient Cycle in a Spruce Stand.- 3.7.3 Fertilization of a Spruce Stand in the Ardennes: Effects on Growth, Vitality and Nutrient Immobilisation in the Biomass.- 3.7.3.1 Effects on Mineral Nutrition and Stand Health.- 3.7.3.2 Effects on Growth and Nutrient Immobilization in the Biomass.- 3.7.4 Fertilization of Mg Deficient Norway Spruce and Silver Fir Plantations in the Vosges.- 3.7.4.1 Effects on Mineral Nutrition.- 3.7.4.2 Effects on Foliage Discolouration.- 3.7.4.3 Effects on Height Growth.- 3.7.4.4 Effects on Photosynthetic Performance of Young Spruce Trees.- 3.7.5 Discussion and Conclusions.- 3.7.6 References.- 4: The Role of Biotic Factors in Forest Decline.- 4,1 Role of Rhizospheric Microfungi in the Decline of Norway Spruce in Acidic Soils.- 4.1.1 Introduction.- 4.1.2 Survey of the Health of Fine Roots in Mature Spruce Stands in the Vosges.- 4.1.3 Experimental Evidence of a Soil-Borne Microflora Associated with Spruce Decline in the Donon (Vosges).- 4.1.4 Evidence of a Soil Deleterious Microflora Associated with Spruce Decline in the Vosges and Other Regions.- 4.1.5 Microfungi Communities in the Soil of a Declining Spruce Stand in the Vosges: Isolation of Deleterious Microfungi and Effect of CaMg Fertilization.- 4.1.6 Artificial Acidification of a Soil from a Healthy Stand.- 4.1.7 Conclusion.- 4.1.8 References.- 4.2 Role of Armillaria in the Decline of Silver Fir in the Vosges and the Massif Central (Short Report).- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Material and Methods.- 4.2.2.1 The Studied Stands.- 4.2.2.2 Selection of the Trees.- 4.2.2.3 Root Examination.- 4.2.2.4 Identification of the Fungi (Basidiomycetes Only).- 4.2.3 Results.- 4.2.3.1 Fir Radial Growth in the Auvergne Region.- 4.2.3.2 Health Status of the Root Bark.- 4.2.3.3 Armillaria Infections.- 4.2.4 Conclusion.- 4.2.4.1 Limited Lesions.- 4.2.4.2 Lesions with Rapidly Expanding Mycelium.- 4.2.5 References.- 5: Effects of Air Pollution on Surface Waters and Lichens.- 5,1 Relationship Between Lake-Water Acidification in the Vosges Mountains and SO2 — NOX Emissions in Western Europe.- 5.1.1 Introduction.- 5.1.2 Material and Methods.- 5.1.3 Results.- 5.1.3.1 Evidence for the Atmospheric Contamination of Lakes.- 5.1.3.2 Lake-Water Alkalinity Loss.- 5.1.3.3 Diatom Analysis and pH Reconstruction.- 5.1.4 Conclusions and Prospects.- 5.1.5 References.- 5.2 Surface Water Acidification in the Vosges Mountains: Relation to Bedrock and Vegetation Cover.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Material and Methods.- 5.2.3 Results.- 5.2.3.1 Present-Day Acidification: Regional Survey.- 5.2.3.2 Background and Loss of Alkalinity — Prediction of Acidification.- 5.2.3.3 Relationships between Loss of Alkalinity and Environmental Factors.- 5.2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives.- 5.2.5 References.- 5.3 Critical Loads of Acidity to Streamwaters in the Vosges Mountains: Biological Criteria.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Material and Methods.- 5.3.3 Results: the Critical Limits.- 5.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 5.3.5 References.- 5.4 Epiphytic Lichen Flora and Bark Characteristics (pH, Conductivity) in Relation to Forest Decline in the Northern Alps.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Methods.- 5.4.2.1 Criteria of Tree Decline.- 5.4.2.2 Assessment of Abundance of the Lichen Flora.- 5.4.2.3 Bark Physico-Chemical Characteristics.- 5.4.2.4 Statistical Methods Used.- 5.4.3 Tree Vitality, Bark Characteristics and Epiphytic Lichens.- 5.4.3.1 Bark Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Tree Decline.- 5.4.3.2 Analysis of the Lichen Flora as a Function of Decline.- 5.4.3.3 Relationships between Lichens and Bark Characteristics.- 5.4.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 5.4.5 References.- 6: Forest Decline and Air Pollution Effects in the French Mountains: A Synthesis.- 6: Forest Decline and Air Pollution Effects in the French Mountains: A Synthesis.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2. Air Pollution Effects on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems.- 6.2.1 Effects on Above-Ground Parts of Trees.- 6.2.2 Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Nutrient Cycling, Forest Soils and Tree Nutrition.- 6.2.3 Effects on Surface Water and Ground Water.- 6.2.4 Changes in the Forest Ground Layer Vegetation.- 6.3 Forest Declines: Role of Air Pollution and Other Anthropogenic and Natural Factors.- 6.3.1 Yellowing and Related Decline of Spruce and Fir on Acidic Substrata.- 6.3.2 Yellowing of Fir and Spruce on Ca-Rich Substrata.- 6.3.3 Crown Thinning of Fir and Spruce in Mountainous Areas.- 6.4. Forest Health: a Long-Term Perspective.- 6.4.1 Evidence for a Large-Scale Unprecedented Forest Decline.- 6.4.2 Forest Decline and Long-Term Growth Increase.- 6.5 Concluding Remarks.- 6.6 Future Research Perspectives.- 6.7 References.