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Produktbild: Image Transfer Through a Scattering Medium

Image Transfer Through a Scattering Medium

Fr. 137.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

13.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

349

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2 cm

Gewicht

551 g

Auflage

1991

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-75288-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

13.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

349

Maße (L/B/H)

23.5/15.5/2 cm

Gewicht

551 g

Auflage

1991

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-75288-9

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Image Transfer Through a Scattering Medium
  • 1 Introduction.- 1.1 A Brief History.- 1.2 Structure of the Book.- 1.3 Notes on Terminology.- 2 Radiation Field and Scattering Medium Characteristics.- 2.1 Radiation Field.- 2.2 Optical Parameters of a Volume Element.- 2.3 Radiation Transfer Equation.- 2.4 Similarity Principle and Modeling.- 2.5 Corollaries of the Optical Reciprocity Theorem.- 3 Light Scattering in Semi-Infinite Media and Plane Layers Illuminated by Infinitely Extended Plane Sources.- 3.1 Basic Equations.- 3.2 Asymptotic Regime in Deep Layers.- 3.2.1 Asymptotic Attenuation Coefficient and Angular Radiance Distribution.- 3.2.2 The Light Field in Absolute Units.- 3.3 Reflection from a Semi-Infinite Medium.- 3.3.1 Nonabsorbing Media.- 3.3.2 Weakly Absorbing Media.- 3.3.3 Absorbing Media with Strongly Anisotropic Scattering.- 3.4 Reflection and Transmission by Layers of Finite Thickness.- 3.5 Reflection and Transmission by Optically Thick Scattering Layers.- 3.5.1 Nonabsorbing Media.- 3.5.2 Weakly Absorbing Media.- 3.5.3 Absorbing Media with Strongly Anisotropic Scattering.- 3.6 Approximate Indicatrix Model Solutions.- 3.6.1 Forward Peak Truncation. Similar Media.- 3.6.2 Transport Approximation.- 3.6.3 Quasi-Single Scattering Approximation.- 3.6.4 Small-Angle Solution Iteration.- 3.6.5 Sobolev Approximation. Conservative Scattering.- 3.7 Two-Stream Approximation.- 3.7.1 Irradiance Coefficients. Boundary Conditions.- 3.7.2 Four-Parameter Variant of the Two-Stream Approximation.- 3.7.3 Two-Parameter Variant of the Two-Stream Approximation.- 4 Radiation Transfer in Scattering Media Illuminated by Localized Sources.- 4.1 Transfer Equation for a Narrow Beam. Spatial Radiance and Irradiance Distribution Moments.- 4.2 Local and Asymptotic Properties of Transfer Equation Solutions.- 4.3 The Diffusion Equation.- 4.3.1 Derivation of the Diffusion Equation.- 4.3.2 Solution of the Diffusion Equation for an Isotropic Point Source.- 4.3.3 Radial Irradiance Distribution from a Monodirectional Point Source.- 4.4 Small-Angle Approximation.- 4.4.1 Various Approaches.- 4.4.2 Transfer Equation in the Small-Angle Approximation.- 4.4.3; Solution of the Small-Angle Transfer Equation.- 4.4.4 Irradiance and Radiance of a Medium Illuminated by an Infinitely Extended Source.- 4.4.5 The Spread Function and its Moments.- 4.4.6 Light Flux.- 4.4.7 Radiation Fields in Scattering Media with Fluctuating Optical Parameters.- 4.4.8 The Merits and Weaknesses of the Small-Angle Approximation.- 4.5 Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 4.5.1 Transfer Equation in the Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 4.5.2 Light Fields Generated by an Infinitely Wide Source.- 4.5.3 Characteristics of Light Fields Produced by Narrow Beams.- 4.5.4 Oblique Medium Illumination.- 4.5.5 Light Fields in Media with Depth-Dependent Optical Characteristics.- 4.5.6 The Scope of the Small-Angle and Small-Angle Diffusion Approximations.- 4.5.7 Modified Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 4.6 Notes on Multiple Backscattering.- 4.7 Generalized Multiple Scattering Theory Parameters and Applicability of Approximate Solutions.- 4.8 Nonstationary Radiation Field from Localized Pulsed Sources.- 4.8.1 The Nonstationary Transfer Equation.- 4.8.2 Pulse Propagation in Optically Thick Media.- 4.8.3 Pulse Reflection from a Semi-Infinite Scattering Medium.- 4.8.4 Forward Pulse Spread in a Strongly Anisotropic Scattering Medium.- 4.8.5 Mean Time and Variance of Photon Paths.- 5 Elements of Vision Theory.- 5.1 Image Quality Characteristics.- 5.1.1 Contrast and Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 5.1.2 Threshold Contrast.- 5.1.3 General Image Quality Criterion.- 5.1.4 Threshold Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 5.1.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a Medium with Fluctuating Optical Parameters.- 5.2 Image Transfer Characteristics.- 5.2.1 Point Spread Function. Optical Transfer Function.- 5.2.2 Aspect Invariance of a System.- 5.2.3 Image Recording Techniques.- 5.2.4 Aspect Invariance Applicability.- 5.2.5 PSF and OTF Measurements.- 5.3 Active Vision Systems.- 5.3.1 Basic Relations.- 5.3.2 Classification of Vision System.- 5.3.3 Comparison of Vision Systems.- 5.3.4 Systems with Scattered Light Suppression.- 5.4 Visual Perception. Real Object Detection and Discrimination Range.- 5.4.1 The Johnson Criteria.- 5.4.2 Object Detection Range.- 5.4.3 Object Discrimination Range.- 5.5 Television and Location Target Detection Systems.- 5.5.1 Location in a Given Direction (Laser Echo-Ranging).- 5.5.2 Image Forming Location.- 5.6 Basic Characteristics of the Eye and Other Photodetectors.- 5.6.1 The Human Eye as a Radiation Receiver.- 5.6.2 Photographic and Photoelectric Recording.- 5.6.3 Notes on Infrared Imaging.- 6 Optical Transfer Function of a Scattering Medium.- 6.1 OTF of a Homogeneous Layer.- 6.1.1 OTF within the Small-Angle Approximation.- 6.1.2 The Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 6.1.3 The Diffusion Approximation.- 6.1.4 MTF Dependence on Optical Medium Parameters.- 6.1.5 Scattering Layer MTF under Pulsed Source Illumination.- 6.2 OTF of an Inhomogeneous Layer.- 6.2.1 The Small-Angle Approximation.- 6.2.2 OTF of an Inhomogeneous Strongly Scattering Layer.- 6.2.3 MTF Dependence on the Scattering Layer Position along the Observation Path.- 6.2.4 Stochastic Medium MTF.- 6.3 Scattering Layer OTF along an Oblique Path. Phase Transfer Function.- 6.4 Nonlinear Distortions in Thick Scattering Layers.- 6.5 Object Image Contrast.- 6.5.1 Small Object Contrast.- 6.5.2 Contrast in the Johnson Striped Test Object.- 6.5.3 Finite Object Contrast as a Function of the Scattering Layer Position along the Observation Path.- 6.6 The Function ? in Object Detection and Discrimination.- 7 Image Transfer in Coherent Light.- 7.1 Coherent-Holography Imaging Through a Scattering Medium.- 7.1.1 Time-Averaged Holography.- 7.1.2 Limited Time Coherence (LTC) Method.- 7.1.3 Reference-Free Image Plane Holography (RFIPH).- 7.2 Comparison of Holographic and Incoherent Vision Systems.- 7.2.1 Mutual Coherence Function as Related to Radiance.- 7.2.2 Quality Characteristics of Rough Object Images in Reference Wave Holography.- 7.2.3 Contrast and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Time-Averaged Holography and the Limited Time Coherence Technique.- 7.2.4 Contrast and Signal-to-Noise Ratio as Functions of the Averaging Time and Optical Parameters of a Scattering Medium.- 8 Viewing in Atmosphere.- 8.1 Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere.- 8.1.1 Cloudless Atmosphere.- 8.1.2 Cloud and Fog.- 8.2 Light Source Visibility.- 8.3 Object Visibility in Sunlight.- 8.3.1 Meteorological Visibility Range.- 8.3.2 Visibility Range in Clouds.- 8.4 Vision Characteristics in Cloud and Fog.- 8.4.1 OTF and Single-to-Noise Ratio.- 8.4.2 Cloud Microstructure Effect on the OTF and SNR.- 8.4.3 Estimation of Cloud OTF from Microstructure Data.- 8.5 Viewing Through Stochastic Clouds.- 8.5.1 Viewing System OTF and Signal Power Fluctuations.- 8.5.2 Irradiance and Radiation Flux Fluctuation Variances.- 8.5.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 9 Underwater Vision and Location in Sea Water.- 9.1 Optical Properties of Sea Water.- 9.1.1 Experimental Data.- 9.1.2 Simple Model of Optical Sea Water Characteristics.- 9.2 Object Visibility in Sea Water.- 9.2.1 Light Source Visibility.- 9.2.2 Range of Visibility of a Sunlit Object at Ocean Depth.- 9.2.3 Sekky’s Disc Depth of Visibility.- 9.3 Underwater Television.- 9.3.1 Underwater TV Systems.- 9.3.2 MTF and Valid Signal and Noise Energy in Underwater Vision Systems.- 9.3.3 Limiting Ranges of Underwater Vision.- 9.4 Image Transfer Through a Rough Sea Surface.- 9.4.1 Rough Sea Surface Model.- 9.4.2 Image Transfer Characteristics.- 9.5 The Range of Optical Pulsed Location in Sea Water.- 10 Image Quality Problems in Photographic Layers and Luminescent Screens.- 10.1 Optical Parameters of a Photographic Layer.- 10.1.1 Undeveloped Layer.- 10.1.2 Exposed Developed Layer.- 10.2 Modulation Transfer Function of Photographic Materials.- 10.2.1 Optical and Photographic Modulation Transfer Functions.- 10.2.2 Empirical and Approximate MTF Formulas.- 10.2.3 MTF Dependence on the Optical and Emulsion Parameters of Photographic Materials.- 10.3 Optical Parameters of a Luminescent Screen.- 10.4 Modulation Transfer Function of Luminescent Screens.- 10.4.1 Nonscattering Luminescent Screens.- 10.4.2 Screens Weakly Absorbing Exciting Radiation.- 10.4.3 Screens Strongly Absorbing Exciting Radiation.- 10.4.4 Modulation Transfer Function of Cathode-Ray Screens.- 10.4.5 Influence of Technological Screen Parameters on MTF.- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.- References.