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Produktbild: Chemical Process Design and Integration

Chemical Process Design and Integration

Fr. 91.90

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

30.09.2016

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

920

Maße (L/B/H)

28/21.6/4.9 cm

Gewicht

1973 g

Auflage

2. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-99013-0

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

30.09.2016

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

920

Maße (L/B/H)

28/21.6/4.9 cm

Gewicht

1973 g

Auflage

2. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-99013-0

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: gpsr@libri.de

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  • Produktbild: Chemical Process Design and Integration
  • Preface xiii
    Acknowledgements xv
    Nomenclature xvii
    1 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration 1
    1.1 Chemical Products 1
    1.2 Formulation of Design Problems 3
    1.3 Synthesis and Simulation 4
    1.4 The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design and Integration 6
    1.5 Continuous and Batch Processes 8
    1.6 New Design and Retrofit 11
    1.7 Reliability, Availability and Maintainability 11
    1.8 Process Control 12
    1.9 Approaches to Chemical Process Design and Integration 13
    1.10 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration - Summary 16
    References 17
    2 Process Economics 19
    2.1 The Role of Process Economics 19
    2.2 Capital Cost for New Design 19
    2.3 Capital Cost for Retrofit 25
    2.4 Annualized Capital Cost 26
    2.5 Operating Cost 27
    2.6 Simple Economic Criteria 30
    2.7 Project Cash Flow and Economic Evaluation 31
    2.8 Investment Criteria 33
    2.9 Process Economics-Summary 34
    2.10 Exercises 34
    References 36
    3 Optimization 37
    3.1 Objective Functions 37
    3.2 Single-Variable Optimization 40
    3.3 Multivariable Optimization 42
    3.4 Constrained Optimization 45
    3.5 Linear Programming 47
    3.6 Nonlinear Programming 49
    3.7 Structural Optimization 50
    3.8 Solution of Equations Using Optimization 54
    3.9 The Search for Global Optimality 55
    3.10 Optimization - Summary 56
    3.11 Exercises 56
    References 58
    4 Chemical Reactors I - Reactor Performance 59
    4.1 Reaction Path 59
    4.2 Types of Reaction Systems 61
    4.3 Measures of Reactor Performance 63
    4.4 Rate of Reaction 64
    4.5 Idealized Reactor Models 65
    4.6 Choice of Idealized Reactor Model 73
    4.7 Choice of Reactor Performance 76
    4.8 Reactor Performance - Summary 77
    4.9 Exercises 78
    References 79
    5 Chemical Reactors II - Reactor Conditions 81
    5.1 Reaction Equilibrium 81
    5.2 Reactor Temperature 85
    5.3 Reactor Pressure 92
    5.4 Reactor Phase 93
    5.5 Reactor Concentration 94
    5.6 Biochemical Reactions 99
    5.7 Catalysts 99
    5.8 Reactor Conditions - Summary 102
    5.9 Exercises 103
    References 105
    6 Chemical Reactors III - Reactor Configuration 107
    6.1 Temperature Control 107
    6.2 Catalyst Degradation 111
    6.3 Gas-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Reactors 112
    6.4 Reactor Configuration 116
    6.5 Reactor Configuration For Heterogeneous Solid-Catalyzed Reactions 121
    6.6 Reactor Configuration - Summary 122
    6.7 Exercises 122
    References 123
    7 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures 125
    7.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Separation 125
    7.2 Settling and Sedimentation 126
    7.3 Inertial and Centrifugal Separation 130
    7.4 Electrostatic Precipitation 131
    7.5 Filtration 133
    7.6 Scrubbing 134
    7.7 Flotation 135
    7.8 Drying 136
    7.9 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures - Summary 137
    7.10 Exercises 137
    References 138
    8 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I - Distillation 139
    8.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 139
    8.2 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 141
    8.3 Single-Stage Separation 146
    8.4 Distillation 146
    8.5 Binary Distillation 150
    8.6 Total and Minimum Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures 155
    8.7 Finite Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures 162
    8.8 Column Dimensions 164
    8.9 Conceptual Design of Distillation 174
    8.10 Detailed Design of Distillation 176
    8.11 Limitations of Distillation 179
    8.12 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Distillation - Summary 180
    8.13 Exercises 180
    References 183
    9 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures II - Other Methods 185
    9.1 Absorption and Stripping 185
    9.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction 189
    9.3 Adsorption 196
    9.4 Membranes 199
    9.5 Crystallization 211
    9.6 Evaporation 215
    9.7 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Other Methods - Summary 217
    9.8 Exercises 217
    References 219
    10 Distillation Sequencing 221
    10.1 Distillation Sequencing using Simple Columns 221
    10.2 Practical Constraints Restricting Options 221
    10.3 Choice of Sequence for Simple Nonintegrated Distillation Columns 222
    10.4 Distillation Sequencing using Columns With More Than Two Products 229
    10.5 Distillation Sequencing using Thermal Coupling 231
    10.6 Retrofit of Distillation Sequences 236
    10.7 Crude Oil Distillation 237
    10.8 Structural Optimization of Distillation Sequences 239
    10.9 Distillation Sequencing - Summary 242
    10.10 Exercises 242
    References 245
    11 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation 247
    11.1 Azeotropic Systems 247
    11.2 Change in Pressure 247
    11.3 Representation of Azeotropic Distillation 248
    11.4 Distillation at Total Reflux Conditions 250
    11.5 Distillation at Minimum Reflux Conditions 255
    11.6 Distillation at Finite Reflux Conditions 256
    11.7 Distillation Sequencing Using an Entrainer 259
    11.8 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 264
    11.9 Entrainer Selection 267
    11.10 Multicomponent Systems 270
    11.11 Trade-Offs in Azeotropic Distillation 270
    11.12 Membrane Separation 270
    11.13 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation - Summary 271
    11.14 Exercises 272
    References 273
    12 Heat Exchange 275
    12.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 275
    12.2 Heat Exchanger Fouling 279
    12.3 Temperature Differences in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 281
    12.4 Heat Exchanger Geometry 288
    12.5 Allocation of Fluids in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 294
    12.6 Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drops in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 294
    12.7 Rating and Simulation of Heat Exchangers 301
    12.8 Heat Transfer Enhancement 307
    12.9 Retrofit of Heat Exchangers 313
    12.10 Condensers 316
    12.11 Reboilers and Vaporizers 321
    12.12 Other Types of Heat Exchangers 326
    12.13 Fired Heaters 328
    12.14 Heat Exchange - Summary 345
    12.15 Exercises 346
    References 348
    13 Pumping and Compression 349
    13.1 Pressure Drops in Process Operations 349
    13.2 Pressure Drops in Piping Systems 349
    13.3 Pump Types 355
    13.4 Centrifugal Pump Performance 356
    13.5 Compressor Types 363
    13.6 Reciprocating Compressors 366
    13.7 Dynamic Compressors 367
    13.8 Staged Compression 369
    13.9 Compressor Performance 370
    13.10 Process Expanders 372
    13.11 Pumping and Compression - Summary 374
    13.12 Exercises 374
    References 375
    14 Continuous Process Recycle Structure 377
    14.1 The Function of Process Recycles 377
    14.2 Recycles with Purges 382
    14.3 Hybrid Reaction and Separation 385
    14.4 The Process Yield 386
    14.5 Feed, Product and Intermediate Storage 388
    14.6 Continuous Process Recycle Structure - Summary 389
    14.7 Exercises 389
    References 391
    15 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization 393
    15.1 Physical Property Models for Process Simulation 393
    15.2 Unit Models for Process Simulation 394
    15.3 Flowsheet Models 400
    15.4 Simulation of Recycles 400
    15.5 Convergence of Recycles 402
    15.6 Design Specifications 408
    15.7 Flowsheet Sequencing 408
    15.8 Model Validation 408
    15.9 Process Optimization 408
    15.10 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization - Summary 413
    15.11 Exercises 413
    References 416
    16 Batch Processes 417
    16.1 Characteristics of Batch Processes 417
    16.2 Batch Reactors 417
    16.3 Batch Distillation 420
    16.4 Batch Crystallization 431
    16.5 Batch Filtration 432
    16.6 Batch Heating and Cooling 433
    16.7 Optimization of Batch Operations 436
    16.8 Gantt Charts 442
    16.9 Production Schedules for Single Products 442
    16.10 Production Schedules for Multiple Products 444
    16.11 Equipment Cleaning and Material Transfer 445
    16.12 Synthesis of Reaction and Separation Systems for Batch Processes 446
    16.13 Storage in Batch Processes 452
    16.14 Batch Processes - Summary 452
    16.15 Exercises 452
    References 455
    17 Heat Exchanger Networks I - Network Targets 457
    17.1 Composite Curves 457
    17.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch 461
    17.3 Threshold Problems 464
    17.4 The Problem Table Algorithm 466
    17.5 Non-global Minimum Temperature Differences 472
    17.6 Process Constraints 473
    17.7 Utility Selection 475
    17.8 Furnaces 477
    17.9 Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power Generation) 480
    17.10 Integration of Heat Pumps 485
    17.11 Number of Heat Exchange Units 486
    17.12 Heat Exchange Area Targets 489
    17.13 Sensitivity of Targets 493
    17.14 Capital and Total Cost Targets 493
    17.15 Heat Exchanger Network Targets - Summary 496
    17.16 Exercises 496
    References 499
    18 Heat Exchanger Networks II - Network Design 501
    18.1 The Pinch Design Method 501
    18.2 Design for Threshold Problems 507
    18.3 Stream Splitting 507
    18.4 Design for Multiple Pinches 511
    18.5 Remaining Problem Analysis 516
    18.6 Simulation of Heat Exchanger Networks 518
    18.7 Optimization of a Fixed Network Structure 520
    18.8 Automated Methods of Heat Exchanger Network Design 523
    18.9 Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit with a Fixed Network Structure 525
    18.10 Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit through Structural Changes 530
    18.11 Automated Methods of Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit 536
    18.12 Heat Exchanger Network Design - Summary 538
    18.13 Exercises 539
    References 542
    19 Heat Exchanger Networks III - Stream Data 543
    19.1 Process Changes for Heat Integration 543
    19.2 The Trade-Offs Between Process Changes, Utility Selection, Energy Cost and Capital Cost 543
    19.3 Data Extraction 544
    19.4 Heat Exchanger Network Stream Data - Summary 551
    19.5 Exercises 551
    References 553
    20 Heat Integration of Reactors 555
    20.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Reactors 555
    20.2 Appropriate Placement of Reactors 557
    20.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of Reactors 558
    20.4 Evolving Reactor Design to Improve Heat Integration 560
    20.5 Heat Integration of Reactors - Summary 561
    20.6 Exercises 561
    Reference 561
    21 Heat Integration of Distillation 563
    21.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Distillation 563
    21.2 The Appropriate Placement of Distillation 563
    21.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of Distillation 564
    21.4 Evolving the Design of Simple Distillation Columns to Improve Heat Integration 564
    21.5 Heat Pumping in Distillation 567
    21.6 Capital Cost Considerations for the Integration of Distillation 567
    21.7 Heat Integration Characteristics of Distillation Sequences 568
    21.8 Design of Heat Integrated Distillation Sequences 571
    21.9 Heat Integration of Distillation - Summary 572
    21.10 Exercises 572
    References 575
    22 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers 577
    22.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Evaporators 577
    22.2 Appropriate Placement of Evaporators 577
    22.3 Evolving Evaporator Design to Improve Heat Integration 577
    22.4 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Dryers 579
    22.5 Evolving Dryer Design to Improve Heat Integration 579
    22.6 A Case Study 581
    22.7 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers - Summary 581
    22.8 Exercises 582
    References 582
    23 Steam Systems and Cogeneration 583
    23.1 Boiler Feedwater Treatment 585
    23.2 Steam Boilers 589
    23.3 Gas Turbines 595
    23.4 Steam Turbines 602
    23.5 Steam Distrubution 609
    23.6 Site Composite Curves 612
    23.7 Cogeneration Targets 623
    23.8 Power Generation and Machine Drives 627
    23.9 Utility Simulation 631
    23.10 Optimizing Steam Systems 633
    23.11 Steam Costs 638
    23.12 SteamSystems andCogeneration - Summary 641
    23.13 Exercises 642
    References 645
    24 Cooling and Refrigeration Systems 647
    24.1 Cooling Systems 647
    24.2 Once-Through Water Cooling 647
    24.3 Recirculating Cooling Water Systems 647
    24.4 Air Coolers 650
    24.5 Refrigeration 656
    24.6 Choice of a Single-Component Refrigerant for Compression Refrigeration 662
    24.7 Targeting Refrigeration Power for Pure Component Compression Refrigeration 665
    24.8 Heat Integration of Pure Component Compression Refrigeration Processes 669
    24.9 Mixed Refrigerants for Compression Refrigeration 673
    24.10 Expanders 677
    24.11 Absorption Refrigeration 681
    24.12 Indirect Refrigeration 682
    24.13 Cooling Water and Refrigeration Systems - Summary 682
    24.14 Exercises 683
    References 685
    25 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions 687
    25.1 Atmospheric Pollution 687
    25.2 Sources of Atmospheric Pollution 688
    25.3 Control of Solid Particulate Emissions to Atmosphere 690
    25.4 Control of VOC Emissions 690
    25.5 Control of Sulfur Emissions 703
    25.6 Control of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions 708
    25.7 Control of Combustion Emissions 711
    25.8 Atmospheric Dispersion 714
    25.9 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions - Summary 716
    25.10 Exercises 717
    References 720
    26 Water System Design 721
    26.1 Aqueous Contamination 724
    26.2 Primary Treatment Processes 725
    26.3 Biological Treatment Processes 729
    26.4 Tertiary Treatment Processes 732
    26.5 Water Use 733
    26.6 Targeting for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Mass Loads 735
    26.7 Design for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Mass Loads 737
    26.8 Targeting for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Flowrates 747
    26.9 Design for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Flowrates 751
    26.10 Targeting and Design for Maximum Water Reuse Based on Optimization of a Superstructure 758
    26.11 Process Changes for Reduced Water Consumption 760
    26.12 Targeting for Minimum Wastewater Treatment Flowrate for Single Contaminants 761
    26.13 Design for Minimum Wastewater Treatment Flowrate for Single Contaminants 765
    26.14 Regeneration of Wastewater 767
    26.15 Targeting and Design for Effluent Treatment and Regeneration Based on Optimization of a Superstructure 772
    26.16 Data Extraction 773
    26.17 Water System Design - Summary 775
    26.18 Exercises 776
    References 779
    27 Environmental Sustainability in Chemical Production 781
    27.1 Life Cycle Assessment 781
    27.2 Efficient Use of Raw Materials Within Processes 786
    27.3 Efficient Use of Raw Materials Between Processes 792
    27.4 Exploitation of Renewable Raw Materials 794
    27.5 Efficient Use of Energy 795
    27.6 Integration of Waste Treament and Energy Sytems 805
    27.7 Renewable Energy 806
    27.8 Efficient Use of Water 807
    27.9 Sustainability in Chemical Production - Summary 807
    27.10 Exercises 808
    References 809
    28 Process Safety 811
    28.1 Fire 811
    28.2 Explosion 812
    28.3 Toxic Release 813
    28.4 Hazard Identification 813
    28.5 The Hierarchy of Safety Management 815
    28.6 Inherently Safer Design 815
    28.7 Layers of Protection 819
    28.8 Hazard and Operability Studies 822
    28.9 Layer of Protection Analysis 823
    28.10 Process Safety - Summary 823
    28.11 Exercises 824
    References 825
    Appendix A Physical Properties in Process Design 827
    A.1 Equations of State 827
    A.2 Phase Equilibrium for Single Components 831
    A.3 Fugacity and Phase Equilibrium 831
    A.4 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 831
    A.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Based on Activity Coefficient Models 833
    A.6 Group Contribution Methods for Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 835
    A.7 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Based on Equations of State 837
    A.8 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 838
    A.9 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 841
    A.10 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Activity Coefficient Models 842
    A.11 Calculation of Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 842
    A.12 Choice of Method for Equilibrium Calculations 844
    A.13 Calculation of Enthalpy 846
    A.14 Calculation of Entropy 847
    A.15 Other Physical Properties 848
    A.16 Physical Properties in Process Design - Summary 850
    A.17 Exercises 851
    References 852
    Appendix B Materials of Construction 853
    B.1 Mechanical Properties 853
    B.2 Corrosion 854
    B.3 Corrosion Allowance 855
    B.4 Commonly Used Materials of Construction 855
    B.5 Criteria for Selection 859
    B.6 Materials of Construction - Summary 860
    References 860
    Appendix C Annualization of Capital Cost 861
    Reference 861
    Appendix D The Maximum Thermal Effectiveness for 1-2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 863
    References 863
    Appendix E Expression for the Minimum Number of 1-2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit 865
    References 866
    Appendix F Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 867
    F.1 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for the Tube Side 867
    F.2 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for the Shell Side 869
    References 873
    Appendix G Gas Compression Theory 875
    G.1 Modeling Reciprocating Compressors 875
    G.2 Modeling Dynamic Compressors 877
    G.3 Staged Compression 877
    References 879
    Appendix H Algorithm for the Heat Exchanger Network Area Target 881
    Index 883