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Produktbild: Changing the U.S. Health Care System

Changing the U.S. Health Care System Key Issues in Health Services Policy and Management

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

09.12.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

846

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/18.2/5 cm

Gewicht

1445 g

Auflage

4th edition

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-12891-6

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

09.12.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

846

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/18.2/5 cm

Gewicht

1445 g

Auflage

4th edition

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-12891-6

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Changing the U.S. Health Care System
  • Figures and Tables xv

    Foreword to the Third Edition xix

    Foreword to the Fourth Edition xxi

    The Editor xxv

    The Authors xxvii

    Introduction and Overview xliii

    Acknowledgments lvii

    PART ONE: ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE 1

    1 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 3
    Gerald F. Kominski

    Learning Objectives 3

    Events Leading to the Enactment of the ACA 4

    Major Provisions of the ACA 7

    Future Directions 20

    Summary 25

    Key Terms 26

    Discussion Questions 28

    2 Improving Access to Care 33
    Ronald M. Andersen, Pamela L. Davidson, Sebastian E. Baumeister

    Learning Objectives 33

    Understanding Access to Health Care 34

    Future Directions 60

    Summary 63

    Key Terms 63

    Discussion Questions 64

    3 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status 71
    Antronette K. Yancey, Roshan Bastani, Beth A. Glenn

    Learning Objectives 71

    Epidemiology of Health Disparities 73

    Factors Underlying Chronic Disease-Related Disparities 82

    Future Directions 92

    Summary 94

    Key Terms 94

    Discussion Questions 95

    4 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 103
    Arturo Vargas Bustamante, Leo S. Morales, Alexander N. Ortega

    Learning Objectives 103

    Definition of Disparity in Health Care 105

    Historical Overview of Disparities in Medical Care 109

    Scientific Evidence of Disparities in Health Care 115

    Future Directions 122

    Summary 125

    Key Terms 126

    Discussion Questions 126

    5 Multilevel Social Determinants of Health 135
    Ninez A. Ponce, Michelle Ko

    Learning Objectives 135

    Policy Frameworks for Social Determinants of Health 137

    Mechanisms by Which Social Context Affects Health Care 142

    Future Directions 147

    Summary 148

    Key Terms 149

    Discussion Questions 150

    6 Public Health Insurance 157
    Shana Alex Lavarreda, E. Richard Brown

    Learning Objectives 157

    Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP 159

    Who is Left Out of Public Coverage? 169

    Enactment of the Affordable Care Act of 2010: A Political Success Story 179

    Future Directions 183

    Summary 183

    Key Terms 184

    Discussion Questions 185

    7 Private Health Insurance 191
    Nadereh Pourat, Gerald F. Kominski

    Learning Objectives 191

    Evolution of Private Health Insurance 192

    Concepts in Private Health Insurance 194

    Employment-Based Health Insurance 200

    Individually Purchased Health Insurance 207

    Significant Trends in Private Health Insurance 208

    Future Directions 213

    Summary 216

    Key Terms 216

    Discussion Questions 218

    PART TWO: COST OF HEALTH CARE 223

    8 Measuring Health Care Expenditures and Trends 225
    Thomas H. Rice

    Learning Objectives 225

    Measuring Health Care Expenditures 226

    Trends in Health Care Expenditures 233

    Future Directions 239

    Summary 239

    Key Terms 242

    Discussion Questions 243

    9 Containing Health Care Costs 245
    Thomas H. Rice, Gerald F. Kominski

    Learning Objectives 245

    Framework 246

    Future Directions 263

    Summary 264

    Key Terms 264

    Discussion Questions 265

    10 Promoting Pharmaceutical Access While Controlling Prices and Expenditures 269
    Stuart O. Schweitzer, William S. Comanor

    Learning Objectives 269

    The Problem of Drug Expenditures 271

    Interpreting Pharmaceutical Price Data 275

    International Price Comparisons 279

    Determining Drug Prices 281

    Approaches for Containing Pharmaceutical Costs 289

    The Link Between Pharmaceutical Expenditures and Research 293

    Recent Events Surrounding Pharmaceutical Costs and Access 294

    Future Directions 298

    Summary 298

    Note 299

    Key Terms 299

    Discussion Questions 300

    PART THREE: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 305

    11 Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life and Other Outcomes 307
    Patricia A. Ganz, Ron D. Hays, Robert M. Kaplan, Mark S. Litwin

    Learning Objectives 307

    Definition, Conceptualization, and Measurement of Quality of Life 310

    Contributions From the Literature 318

    Comparative Effectiveness Research 328

    Future Directions 331

    Summary 332

    Key Terms 333

    Discussion Questions 334

    12 Evaluating the Quality of Care 343
    Elizabeth A. McGlynn

    Learning Objectives 343

    The Multiple Dimensions of Quality 344

    Criteria for Evaluating Quality Measures 345

    A Conceptual Framework for Quality Assessment 347

    Structure 348

    Process 355

    Outcomes 365

    Future Directions 371

    Summary 372

    Key Terms 373

    Discussion Questions 374

    13 Public Release of Information on Quality 381
    Elizabeth A. McGlynn, John L. Adams

    Learning Objectives 381

    Public Information on Quality 383

    Some Methodological Issues in Performance Reporting 391

    What is Known About the Impact of Public Reporting? 402

    Future Directions 406

    Summary 406

    Key Terms 407

    Discussion Questions 408

    14 Health Care Information Systems 413
    Jeff Luck, Leah J. Vriesman, Paul Fu Jr.

    Learning Objectives 413

    Information Systems and Informatics 414

    Benefits, Implementation Barriers, and Federal Policy Responses 414

    Applications of Information Systems by Health Care Providers 417

    Public Health Informatics 434

    Applications of Information Systems by Health Plans and Payers 438

    Future Directions 441

    Summary 445

    Key Terms 445

    Discussion Questions 446

    15 Performance Measurement of Nursing Care 455
    Jack Needleman, Ellen T. Kurtzman, Kenneth W. Kizer

    Learning Objectives 455

    Why Measure Nursing Performance? 455

    The Scope of Nursing's Contribution to Inpatient Hospital Care 457

    Issues in Constructing Nursing-Sensitive Performance Measures 461

    Measuring Nursing Performance 463

    Measuring Nursing Performance: The State of the Science 478

    Future Directions 485

    Summary 486

    Key Terms 487

    Discussion Questions 487

    PART FOUR: SPECIAL POPULATIONS 493

    16 Long-Term Services and Supports for the Elderly Population 495
    Steven P. Wallace, Nadereh Pourat, Linda Delp, Kathryn G. Kietzman

    Learning Objectives 495

    Institutional Care 497

    Community-Based Services 502

    Informal Care 507

    Workers in the Long-Term Care System 509

    Future Directions 516

    Summary 517

    Note 517

    Key Terms 517

    Discussion Questions 518

    17 HIV and AIDS in the Twenty-First Century 523
    Erin G. Grinshteyn, William E. Cunningham

    Learning Objectives 523

    The Changing Epidemiology and Clinical Treatment of HIV/AIDS 525

    Prevention and Education 538

    Policy Implications and Research Needs for Management, Planning, and AIDS Policy 543

    Future Directions 546

    Summary 547

    Key Terms 548

    Discussion Questions 550

    18 Children's Health 559
    Moira Inkelas, Neal Halfon, David Lee Wood

    Learning Objectives 559

    Special Health Needs of Children 561

    Health Service Delivery for U.S. Children 564

    Financing Children's Health Care 569

    Improving the Child Health System 576

    Future Directions 585

    Summary 585

    Key Terms 586

    Discussion Questions 587

    19 Homeless Persons 593
    Lisa Arangua, Lillian Gelberg

    Learning Objectives 593

    A Profile of the Homeless 594

    Health Status 597

    Mental Illness and Substance Abuse 604

    Use of Physical Health Services 606

    Use of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services 608

    Barriers to Health Care 609

    Future Directions 610

    Summary 612

    Key Terms 612

    Discussion Questions 613

    PART FIVE: DIRECTIONS FOR CHANGE 621

    20 Changing the Health Care Delivery System 623
    Nadereh Pourat, Hector P. Rodriguez

    Learning Objectives 623

    Conceptual Framework: Intervention and Innovations to Correct System Failures 625

    Future Directions 641

    Summary 642

    Key Terms 642

    Discussion Questions 644

    21 Medicare Reform 651
    Gerald F. Kominski, Jeanne T. Black, Thomas H. Rice

    Learning Objectives 651

    Origin and Philosophy of Medicare 652

    Evolution of Medicare 656

    Is Medicare Facing a Crisis? 663

    Future Directions 670

    Summary 673

    Key Terms 674

    Discussion Questions 675

    22 Public Health and Clinical Care 681
    Jonathan E. Fielding, Lester Breslow, Steven M. Teutsch

    Learning Objectives 681

    Public Health's Mission and Scope 682

    Prevention In Clinical Care Services 685

    Public Health and Provision of Clinical Care Services 689

    Direct Medical Service Delivery by Government 691

    Future Directions 692

    Summary 699

    Key Terms 700

    Discussion Questions 700

    23 Strengthening the Safety Net 703
    Dylan H. Roby

    Learning Objectives 703

    Defining the Safety Net 704

    Ensuring Access to Care for the Poor, Uninsured, and Underserved 705

    Financing the Safety Net 706

    Size and Scope of the Safety Net 707

    Reducing Costs 715

    Improving Quality 716

    Future Directions 719

    Summary 719

    Key Terms 720

    Discussion Questions 721

    24 Ethical Issues in Public Health and Health Services 727
    Pauline Vaillancourt Rosenau, Ruth Roemer, Frederick J. Zimmerman

    Learning Objectives 727

    Overarching Public Health Principles: Our Assumptions 730

    Ethical Issues in the Allocation of Resources 730

    Ethical Issues in Research 737

    Ethical Issues in Economic Support 738

    Ethical Issues in Management of Health Services 740

    Ethical Issues in Delivery of Care 741

    Future Directions 744

    Summary 745

    Key Terms 746

    Discussion Questions 747

    Index 753
    11181298573ENPreface xv

    CHAPTER 1

    Introduction to Systematic Trading 1

    1.1 Definition of Systematic Trading 2

    1.2 Philosophy of Trading 3

    1.2.1 Lessons from the Market 3

    1.2.2 Mechanism vs. Organism 5

    1.2.3 The Edge of Complexity 5

    1.2.4 Is Systematic Trading Reductionistic? 6

    1.2.5 Reaction vs. Proaction 6

    1.2.6 Arbitrage? 7

    1.2.7 Two Viable Paths 7

    1.3 The Business of Trading 7

    1.3.1 Profitability and Track Record 8

    1.3.2 The Product and Its Design 10

    1.3.3 The Trading Factory 12

    1.3.4 Marketing and Distribution 15

    1.3.5 Capital, Costs, and Critical Mass 16

    1.4 Psychology and Emotions 19

    1.4.1 Ups and Downs 19

    1.4.2 Peer Pressure and the Blame Game 20

    1.4.3 Trust: Continuity of Quality 20

    1.4.4 Learning from Each Other 21

    1.5 From Candlesticks in Kyoto to FPGAs in Chicago 22

    PART ONE

    Strategy Design and Testing

    CHAPTER 2

    A New Socioeconomic Paradigm 33

    2.1 Financial Theory vs. Market Reality 33

    2.1.1 Adaptive Reactions vs. Rigid Anticipations 33

    2.1.2 Accumulation vs. Divestment Games 37

    2.1.3 Phase Transitions under Leverage 38

    2.1.4 Derivatives: New Risks Do Not Project onto

    Old Hedges 40

    2.1.5 Socio-Political Dynamics and Feedbacks 41

    2.2 The Market Is a Complex Adaptive System 42

    2.2.1 Emergence 43

    2.2.2 Intelligence Is Not Always Necessary 44

    2.2.3 The Need to Adapt 45

    2.3 Origins of Robotics and Artificial Life 45

    CHAPTER 3

    Analogies between Systematic Trading and Robotics 49

    3.1 Models and Robots 49

    3.2 The Trading Robot 50

    3.3 Finite-State-Machine Representation of the

    Control System 52

    CHAPTER 4

    Implementation of Strategies as Distributed Agents 57

    4.1 Trading Agent 57

    4.2 Events 60

    4.3 Consuming Events 60

    4.4 Updating Agents 61

    4.5 Defining FSM Agents 63

    4.6 Implementing a Strategy 66

    CHAPTER 5

    Inter-Agent Communications 73

    5.1 Handling Communication Events 73

    5.2 Emitting Messages and Running

    Simulations 75

    5.3 Implementation Example 76

    CHAPTER 6

    Data Representation Techniques 83

    6.1 Data Relevance and Filtering of Information 83

    6.2 Price and Order Book Updates 84

    6.2.1 Elementary Price Events 85

    6.2.2 Order Book Data 85

    6.2.3 Tick Data: The Finest Grain 88

    6.3 Sampling: Clock Time vs. Event Time 89

    6.4 Compression 90

    6.4.1 Slicing Time into Bars and Candles 90

    6.4.2 Slicing Price into Boxes 96

    6.4.3 Market Distributions 97

    6.5 Representation 97

    6.5.1 Charts and Technical Analysis 99

    6.5.2 Translating Patterns into Symbols 101

    6.5.3 Translating News into Numbers 102

    6.5.4 Psychology of Data and Alerts 104

    CHAPTER 7

    Basic Trading Strategies 105

    7.1 Trend-Following 105

    7.1.1 Channel Breakout 106

    7.1.2 Moving Averages 106

    7.1.3 Swing Breakout 112

    7.2 Acceleration 114

    7.2.1 Trend Asymmetry 115

    7.2.2 The Shadow Index 116

    7.2.3 Trading Acceleration 117

    7.3 Mean-Reversion 118

    7.3.1 Swing Reversal 118

    7.3.2 Range Projection 120

    7.4 Intraday Patterns 122

    7.4.1 Openings 122

    7.4.2 Seasonality of Volatility 122

    7.5 News-Driven Strategies 124

    7.5.1 Expectations vs. Reality 124

    7.5.2 Ontology-Driven Strategies 125

    CHAPTER 8

    Architecture for Market-Making 127

    8.1 Traditional Market-Making: The Specialists 127

    8.2 Conditional Market-Making: Open Outcry 128

    8.3 Electronic Market-Making 129

    8.4 Mixed Market-Making Model 131

    8.5 An Architecture for a Market-Making Desk 134

    CHAPTER 9

    Combining Strategies into Portfolios 139

    9.1 Aggregate Agents 139

    9.2 Optimal Portfolios 141

    9.3 Risk-Management of a Portfolio of Models 142

    CHAPTER 10

    Simulating Agent-Based Strategies 145

    10.1 The Simulation Problem 146

    10.2 Modeling the Order Management System 147

    10.2.1 Orders and Algorithms 148

    10.2.2 Simulating Slippage 149

    10.2.3 Simulating Order Placement 151

    10.2.4 Simulating Order Execution 153

    10.2.5 A Model for the OMS 155

    10.2.6 Operating the OMS 156

    10.3 Running Simulations 158

    10.3.1 Setting Up a Back Test 158

    10.3.2 Setting Up a Forward Test 160

    10.4 Analysis of Results 162

    10.4.1 Continuous Statistics 163

    10.4.2 Per-Trade Statistics 164

    10.4.3 Parameter Search and Optimization 165

    10.5 Degrees of Over-Fitting 167

    PART TWO

    Evolving Strategies

    CHAPTER 11

    Strategies for Adaptation 173

    11.1 Avenues for Adaptations 173

    11.2 The Cybernetics of Trading 175

    CHAPTER 12

    Feedback and Control 179

    12.1 Looking at Markets through Models 179

    12.1.1 Internal World 179

    12.1.2 Strategies as Generalized Filters 180

    12.1.3 Implicit Market Regimes 181

    12.1.4 Persistence of Regimes 183

    12.2 Fitness Feedback Control 184

    12.2.1 Measures of Fitness 186

    12.3 Robustness of Strategies 192

    12.4 Efficiency of Control 193

    12.4.1 Triggering Control 193

    12.4.2 Measuring Efficiency of Control 194

    12.4.3 Test Results 196

    12.4.4 Optimizing Control Parameters 197

    CHAPTER 13

    Simple Swarm Systems 199

    13.1 Switching Strategies 199

    13.1.1 Switching between Regimes 200

    13.1.2 Switching within the Same Regime 200

    13.1.3 Mechanics of Switching and Transaction Costs 205

    13.2 Strategy Neighborhoods 206

    13.3 Choice of a Simple Individual from a Population 208

    13.4 Additive Swarm System 210

    13.4.1 Example of an Additive Swarm 211

    13.5 Maximizing Swarm System 214

    13.5.1 Example of a Maximizing Swarm 215

    13.6 Global Performance Feedback Control 216

    CHAPTER 14

    Implementing Swarm Systems 219

    14.1 Setting Up the Swarm Strategy Set 220

    14.2 Running the Swarm 220

    CHAPTER 15

    Swarm Systems with Learning 223

    15.1 Reinforcement Learning 224

    15.2 Swarm Efficiency 224

    15.3 Behavior Exploitation by the Swarm 225

    15.4 Exploring New Behaviors 227

    15.5 Lamark among the Machines 227

    PART THREE

    Optimizing Execution

    CHAPTER 16

    Analysis of Trading Costs 231

    16.1 No Free Lunch 231

    16.2 Slippage 232

    16.3 Intraday Seasonality of Liquidity 233

    16.4 Models of Market Impact 234

    16.4.1 Reaction to Aggression 235

    16.4.2 Limits to Openness 235

    CHAPTER 17

    Estimating Algorithmic Execution Tools 237

    17.1 Basic Algorithmic Execution Tools 237

    17.2 Estimation of Algorithmic Execution

    Methodologies 240

    17.2.1 A Simulation Engine for Algos 240

    17.2.2 Using Execution Algo Results in Model

    Estimation 241

    17.2.3 Joint Testing of Models and Algos 242

    PART FOUR

    Practical Implementation

    CHAPTER 18

    Overview of a Scalable Architecture 247

    18.1 ECNs and Translation 247

    18.2 Aggregation and Disaggregation 249

    18.3 Order Management 250

    18.4 Controls 250

    18.5 Decisions 251

    18.6 Middle and Back Office 251

    18.7 Recovery 252

    CHAPTER 19

    Principal Design Patterns 253

    19.1 Language-Agnostic Domain Model 253

    19.2 Solving Tasks in Adapted Languages 254

    19.3 Communicating between Components 257

    19.3.1 Messaging Bus 258

    19.3.2 Remote Procedure Calls 259

    19.4 Distributed Computing and Modularity 260

    19.5 Parallel Processing 262

    19.6 Garbage Collection and Memory Control 263

    CHAPTER 20

    Data Persistence 265

    20.1 Business-Critical Data 265

    20.2 Object Persistence and Cached Memory 267

    20.3 Databases and Their Usage 269

    CHAPTER 21

    Fault Tolerance and Recovery Mechanisms 273

    21.1 Situations of Stress 273

    21.1.1 Communication Breakdown 273

    21.1.2 External Systems Breakdown 274

    21.1.3 Trades Busted at the ECN Level 275

    21.1.4 Give-Up Errors Causing Credit Line Problems 276

    21.1.5 Internal Systems Breakdown 277

    21.1.6 Planned Maintenance and Upgrades 277

    21.2 A Jam of Logs Is Better Than a Logjam of Errors 277

    21.3 Virtual Machine and Network Monitoring 278

    CHAPTER 22

    Computational Efficiency 281

    22.1 CPU Spikes 281

    22.2 Recursive Computation of Model Signals

    and Performance 282

    22.3 Numeric Efficiency 285

    CHAPTER 23

    Connectivity to Electronic Commerce Networks 291

    23.1 Adaptors 291

    23.2 The Translation Layer 292

    23.2.1 Orders: FIX 292

    23.2.2 Specific ECNs 293

    23.2.3 Price Sources: FAST 293

    23.3 Dealing with Latency 294

    23.3.1 External Constraints and Co-Location 294

    23.3.2 Avoid Being Short the Latency Option 295

    23.3.3 Synchronization under Constraints 296

    23.3.4 Improving Internal Latency 297

    CHAPTER 24

    The Aggregation and Disaggregation Layer 299

    24.1 Quotes Filtering and Book Aggregation 300

    24.1.1 Filtering Quotes 300

    24.1.2 Synthetic Order Book 301

    24.2 Orders Aggregation and Fills Disaggregation 301

    24.2.1 Aggregating Positions and Orders 301

    24.2.2 Fills Disaggregation 303

    24.2.3 Book Transfers and Middle Office 303

    CHAPTER 25

    The OMS Layer 305

    25.1 Order Management as a Recursive Controller 305

    25.1.1 Management of Positions 307

    25.1.2 Management of Resting Orders 307

    25.1.3 Algorithmic Orders 308

    25.2 Control under Stress 309

    25.3 Designing a Flexible OMS 310

    CHAPTER 26

    The Human Control Layer 311

    26.1 Dashboard and Smart Scheduler 311

    26.1.1 Parameter Control 311

    26.1.2 Scheduled Flattening of Exposure 312

    26.2 Manual Orders Aggregator 313

    26.2.1 Representing a Trader by an Agent 313

    26.2.2 Writing a Trading Screen 314

    26.2.3 Monitoring Aggregated Streams 314

    26.3 Position and P & L Monitor 314

    26.3.1 Real-Time Exposure Monitor 315

    26.3.2 Displaying Equity Curves 315

    26.3.3 Online Trade Statistics and Fitnesses 315

    26.3.4 Trades Visualization Module 317

    CHAPTER 27

    The Risk Management Layer 319

    27.1 Risky Business 319

    27.2 Automated Risk Management 320

    27.3 Manual Risk Control and the Panic Button 320

    CHAPTER 28

    The Core Engine Layer 323

    28.1 Architecture 323

    28.2 Simulation and Recovery 325

    CHAPTER 29

    Some Practical Implementation Aspects 327

    29.1 Architecture for Build and Patch Releases 327

    29.1.1 Testing of Code before a Release 327

    29.1.2 Versioning of Code and Builds 328

    29.1.3 Persistence of State during Version Releases 328

    29.2 Hardware Considerations 329

    29.2.1 Bottleneck Analysis 329

    29.2.2 The Edge of Technology 330

    Appendix

    Auxiliary LISP Functions 333

    Bibliography 341

    Index 351