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Produktbild: An Introduction to the Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics

An Introduction to the Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics

Fr. 93.90

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

04.12.2015

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

328

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/18.9/1.8 cm

Gewicht

726 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-08622-2

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

04.12.2015

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

328

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/18.9/1.8 cm

Gewicht

726 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-08622-2

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  • Produktbild: An Introduction to the Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics
  • About the Author xi
    Preface xii
    Acknowledgements xiii
    1 Setting the Scene 1
    1.1 Introduction 1
    1.2 What do we mean by 'the tropics'? 2
    1.3 The geography of the tropics 5
    1.4 The tropical troposphere 5
    1.5 Climate and population in the tropics 7
    1.6 Question 8
    2 The Energy Balance and the Dynamics of Weather in the Tropics 9
    2.1 The tropical 'heat engine' 9 2.2 Absorption, reflection and apparent solar elevation 9
    2.3 Emission from the surface 11
    2.4 The radiation balance and the tropical zone 12
    2.5 The dynamics of weather systems in the tropics 14
    2.6 Questions 15
    3 Winds, Temperature and Weather in the Tropical Zone 16
    3.1 Winds 16
    3.2 Temperature 20
    3.3 The weather patterns and climates of the tropics 21
    3.4 Clouds and fog in the tropics 23
    3.5 Questions 28
    4 The Subtropical Jet Streams 29
    4.1 The formation of jet streams at the margins of the tropics 29
    4.2 Weather associated with the subtropical jet stream 31
    4.3 Folds and bifurcations in the flow 33
    4.4 Clear?]air turbulence 34
    4.5 Questions 36
    5 Synoptic?]scale Weather Systems 38
    5.1 Introduction 38
    5.2 Convection in the tropics 38
    5.3 The inter?]tropical convergence zone 42
    5.4 The depth of convective clouds 47
    5.5 Layer clouds and shallow convection 48
    5.6 The effects of heavy rainfall in the tropics 48
    5.7 Atmospheric teleconnections 49
    5.8 Questions 49
    6 Climate, Flora and Fauna 51
    6.1 The relationship of climate to plants and animals 51
    6.2 Tropical rainforest 51
    6.3 Seasonal tropical forest 57
    6.4 The savannas 58
    6.5 Tropical deserts and scrublands 60
    6.6 Mountain climates 61
    6.7 Tropical oceans and coasts 65
    6.8 Climatic variability 67
    6.9 Questions 68
    7 Dry Environments 69
    7.1 Background 69
    7.2 Wind and weather in the deserts 70
    7.3 Fog and low cloud 78
    7.4 Severe weather in the dry tropics 79
    7.5 The effects of desert weather 82
    7.6 Settlement and the over?]use of scarce water supplies 84
    7.7 Questions 85
    8 Monsoons 86
    8.1 Introduction 86
    8.2 The summer monsoon over southern Asia 86
    8.3 The summer monsoon over East Asia 89
    8.4 Variations of rainfall in the Asian summer monsoon 93
    8.5 The Asian winter monsoon 94
    8.6 The West African summer monsoon 96
    8.7 The West African winter monsoon 103
    8.8 Rainfall and the monsoons in East Africa 104
    8.9 The South American-Caribbean 'monsoons' 106
    8.10 The Australian summer monsoon 107
    8.11 Variable broad?]scale factors affecting the monsoons 111
    8.12 Questions 112
    9 Tropical Revolving Storms 114
    9.1 Broad?]scale convection and the development of tropical storms 114
    9.2 Tropical storm development and decline 114
    9.3 The effects of tropical revolving storms 120
    9.4 Storm tracks in the Pacific Ocean 124
    9.5 The formation and tracks of hurricanes in the North Atlantic-Caribbean 125
    9.6 Tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean 126
    9.7 Tropical revolving storms in the south?]west Pacific 127
    9.8 Variability in the development of tropical storms 128
    9.9 Extra?]tropical transition 132
    9.10 Conclusion 132
    9.11 Questions 132
    10 Mesoscale Weather Systems 134
    10.1 Introduction 134
    10.2 Mesoscale convective complexes 134
    10.3 Sea?] and land?]breeze convergence zones 135
    10.4 Easterly waves and squall lines 139
    10.5 Mesoscale convective systems in northern India 143
    10.6 Depressions in north?]west India, north Pakistan and Afghanistan 144
    10.7 Cross?]equatorial flows 144
    10.8 Mesoscale convective systems in the Gulf of Guinea 145
    10.9 Local convection 145
    10.10 Extra?]tropical interaction with moist tropical air masses 148
    10.11 Conclusion 148
    10.12 Questions 149
    11 Forecasting Clouds and Weather 150
    11.1 Background 150
    11.2 Distribution of significant cloud 150
    11.3 The effect of high ground as an elevated heat source 155
    11.4 Tropical upper?]tropospheric troughs 157
    11.5 Effects of severe convection on aviation 159
    11.6 Questions 162
    12 The Variability of Weather and Climate Change in the Tropics 164
    12.1 Introduction 164
    12.2 El Niño-La Niña 164
    12.3 The Madden-Julian Oscillation 166
    12.4 The quasi?]biennial oscillation 168
    12.5 A discussion of anthropogenic climate change 171
    12.6 How is climate likely to change in the tropical zone? 172
    12.7 Modelling climate change 175
    12.8 Conclusion 176
    12.9 Questions 176
    13 Tropical Agriculture 177
    13.1 Agricultural productivity and tropical environments 177
    13.2 Agriculture in the humid tropics and the effects of forest clearance 178
    13.3 Agriculture in the savannas 180
    13.4 Dry?]land agriculture 180
    13.5 Weather and locust swarms 182
    13.6 The effects of agriculture in the tropics 183
    13.7 Agriculture and climate change 185
    13.8 Question 186
    14 The Importance of the Tropical Ozone Layer 187
    14.1 Background 187
    14.2 The role of the tropics in replenishing the extra?]tropical stratospheric ozone 191
    14.3 The effect of 'global warming' on stratospheric ozone destruction in the tropics 193
    14.4 The effects of exposure to short?]wave radiation 194
    14.5 Current state of the stratospheric ozone layer 195
    14.6 Question 195
    15 Remote Sensing of Tropical Weather 196
    15.1 Background 196
    15.2 Satellite remote sensing 196
    15.3 Precipitation 197
    15.4 Wind profilers 199
    15.5 Thunderstorm observation 199
    15.6 Monitoring surface cover, fires and volcanic eruptions 199
    15.7 Question 202
    16 Tropical Weather and Health 203
    16.1 Introduction 203
    16.2 The effects of tropical sunshine and warmth 203
    16.3 Lifted dust and its effects on health 203
    16.4 Industrial and smoke pollution 204
    16.5 Parasitic and infectious diseases 204
    16.6 Response of the meteorological community 206
    16.7 Questions 206
    17 Conclusions and a Look to the Future 207
    17.1 A summary 207
    17.2 Forecasting the weather 208
    17.3 Questions 208
    Appendix 1 Observations from the Tropics 209
    Appendix 2 Named Winds of the Tropics 213
    Appendix 3 An Introduction to Cloud Types, Cloud Species and Precipitation 234
    A3.1 Introduction 234
    A3.2 The high clouds 235
    A3.3 The medium?]level clouds 235
    A3.4 The low clouds 236
    A3.5 Cloud species and varieties 239
    Appendix 4 An Introduction to Meteorological Diagrams, Stability, Instability and Aviation Weather Charts 246
    A4.1 Temperature-pressure graphs 246
    A4.2 Stability and instability 248
    A4.3 Aviation?]significant weather charts 248
    Appendix 5 Snow in the Desert: A Case Study 250
    A5.1 Introduction 250
    A5.2 Development of a depression over the desert 250
    A5.3 The weather features associated with the upper low 253
    A5.4 Summary 256
    Appendix 6 A Climatic Summary for Tropical Countries and States 257
    Appendix 7 Two Easterly Waves in West Africa in Summer 2009: A Case Study 265
    A7.1 Introduction 265
    A7.2 The wave of 28 August to 5 September 2009 266
    A7.3 The wave of 2-11 September 2009 and the development of Hurricane Fred 270
    A7.4 A model for the development of squall lines in the Sahel 272
    A7.5 Conclusion 277
    References 280
    Glossary 293
    Index 303