Preface to the Fifth Edition xxvii
About the Authors xxxi
Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass
Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3
1.0 Chapter Objectives 3
1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 3
1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 6
1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 8
1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 10
1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 13
1.6 Energy and Heat Units 17
1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 23
1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration 28
1.9 Chapter Summary 29
Chapter 2: Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 36
2.0 Chapter Objectives 36
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Fluid Statics 37
2.3 Chapter Summary 47
Chapter 3: Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 50
3.0 Chapter Objectives 50
3.1 Viscosity of Fluids 50
3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 54
3.3 Chapter Summary 58
Chapter 4: Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 61
4.0 Chapter Objectives 61
4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 62
4.2 Overall Energy Balance 68
4.3 Overall Momentum Balance 81
4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 90
4.5 Chapter Summary 96
Chapter 5: Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 105
5.0 Chapter Objectives 105
5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 106
5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 125
5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 129
5.4 Chapter Summary 138
Chapter 6: Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 145
6.0 Chapter Objectives 145
6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 146
6.2 Flow in Packed Beds 150
6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 156
6.4 Chapter Summary 161
Chapter 7: Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 166
7.0 Chapter Objectives 166
7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 166
7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 176
7.3 Chapter Summary 192
Chapter 8: Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 196
8.0 Chapter Objectives 196
8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 196
8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 202
8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 207
8.4 Chapter Summary 216
Chapter 9: Non-Newtonian Fluids 220
9.0 Chapter Objectives 220
9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 221
9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 226
9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 229
9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 232
9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 234
9.6 Chapter Summary 235
Chapter 10: Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239
10.0 Chapter Objectives 239
10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 239
10.2 Stream Function 240
10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 241
10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 241
10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 246
10.6 Chapter Summary 247
Chapter 11: Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 250
11.0 Chapter Objectives 250
11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 251
11.2 Turbulent Flow 254
11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 260
11.4 Chapter Summary 263
Chapter 12: Introduction to Heat Transfer 265
12.0 Chapter Objectives 265
12.1 Energy and Heat Units 265
12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 271
12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 277
12.4 Convection 282
12.5 Radiation 284
12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 287
12.7 Chapter Summary 292
Chapter 13: Steady-State Conduction 299
13.0 Chapter Objectives 299
13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 299
13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 305
13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 313
13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 315
13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 318
13.6 Chapter Summary 326
Chapter 14: Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 332
14.0 Chapter Objectives 332
14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 332
14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 334
14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 337
14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 355
14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 366
14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change 372
14.7 Chapter Summary 376
Chapter 15: Introduction to Convection 385
15.0 Chapter Objectives 385
15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 385
15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 389
15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 394
15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 402
15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 408
15.6 Boiling and Condensation 415
15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 424
15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 427
15.9 Chapter Summary 436
Chapter 16: Heat Exchangers 444
16.0 Chapter Objectives 444
16.1 Types of Exchangers 444
16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447
16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450
16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453
16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454
16.6 Chapter Summary 458
Chapter 17: Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 461
17.0 Chapter Objectives 461
17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 461
17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 465
17.3 Chapter Summary 482
Chapter 18: Introduction to Mass Transfer 487
18.0 Chapter Objectives 487
18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 487
18.2 Diffusion Coefficient 493
18.3 Convective Mass Transfer 508
18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 508
18.5 Chapter Summary 512
Chapter 19: Steady-State Mass Transfer 519
19.0 Chapter Objectives 519
19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 519
19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 528
19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 531
19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 537
19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels 544
19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 546
19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 550
19.8 Chapter Summary 557
Chapter 20: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 568
20.0 Chapter Objectives 568
20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 568
20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 575
20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 577
20.4 Chapter Summary 582
Chapter 21: Convective Mass Transfer 586
21.0 Chapter Objectives 586
21.1 Convective Mass Transfer 586
21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 594
21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 595
21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 610
21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 613
21.6 Chapter Summary 617
Part 2: Separation Process Principles
Chapter 22: Absorption and Stripping 627
22.0 Chapter Objectives 627
22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 627
22.2 Introduction to Absorption 645
22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 649
22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 654
22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 656
22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 672
22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 675
22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 679
22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 682
22.10 Chapter Summary 685
Chapter 23: Humidification Processes 694
23.0 Chapter Objectives 694
23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 694
23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 703
23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 704
23.4 Chapter Summary 712
Chapter 24: Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) 716
24.0 Chapter Objectives 716
24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 716
24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration 722
24.3 Membrane Separations 732
24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 733
24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 734
24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 738
24.7 Dialysis 747
24.8 Chapter Summary 751
Chapter 25: Gaseous Membrane Systems 759
25.0 Chapter Objectives 759
25.1 Gas Permeation 759
25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 765
25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 770
25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 773
25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 779
25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 787
25.7 Chapter Summary 798
Chapter 26: Distillation 805
26.0 Chapter Objectives 805
26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 805
26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 808
26.3 Simple Distillation Methods 813
26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods 818
26.5 Tray Efficiencies 836
26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 839
26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method 841
26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 851
26.9 Chapter Summary 862
Chapter 27: Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874
27.0 Chapter Objectives 874
27.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874
27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 878
27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 880
27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 889
27.5 Chapter Summary 901
Chapter 28: Adsorption and Ion Exchange 907
28.0 Chapter Objectives 907
28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 907
28.2 Batch Adsorption 910
28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 912
28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes 918
28.5 Chapter Summary 924
Chapter 29: Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 928
29.0 Chapter Objectives 928
29.1 Introduction to Crystallization 928
29.2 Crystallization Theory 935
29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction 942
29.4 Chapter Summary 947
Chapter 30: Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 952
30.0 Chapter Objectives 952
30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation 953
30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes 966
30.3 Chapter Summary 979
Chapter 31: Leaching 984
31.0 Chapter Objectives 984
31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching 984
31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 990
31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 994
31.4 Chapter Summary 999
Chapter 32: Evaporation 1002
32.0 Chapter Objectives 1002
32.1 Introduction 1002
32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 1004
32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 1008
32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 1010
32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 1016
32.6 Condensers for Evaporators 1026
32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials 1028
32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 1029
32.9 Chapter Summary 1030
Chapter 33: Drying 1035
33.0 Chapter Objectives 1035
33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying 1035
33.2 Equipment for Drying 1036
33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 1040
33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 1049
33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves 1052
33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 1057
33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 1062
33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 1065
33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 1068
33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 1074
33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 1084
33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 1088
33.13 Chapter Summary 1096
Part 3: Appendixes
Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107
Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113
Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124
Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147
Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151
Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154
Notation 1156
Index 1166
