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Produktbild: Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Characteristics and Operation

Fr. 239.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

27.10.2021

Abbildungen

schwarz-weiss Illustrationen, farbige Illustrationen

Herausgeber

Hiroyuki Fujiwara

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

608

Maße (L/B/H)

25/17.5/3.4 cm

Gewicht

1316 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34729-2

Beschreibung

Portrait

Hiroyuki Fujiwara is Professor in the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Japan. Hiroyuki Fujiwara received his Ph.D. degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He was a research associate at Pennsylvania State University during 1996-1998. In 1998, he joined the Electrotechnical Laboratory at the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan. During 2007-2008, he was a team leader of Research Center for Photovoltaics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. Professor Fujiwara has authored and edited six books and has published more than 130 scientific articles. His book on spectroscopic ellipsometry, published by Wiley, has become the most cited book on the topic.

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

27.10.2021

Abbildungen

schwarz-weiss Illustrationen, farbige Illustrationen

Herausgeber

Hiroyuki Fujiwara

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

608

Maße (L/B/H)

25/17.5/3.4 cm

Gewicht

1316 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34729-2

Herstelleradresse

Wiley-VCH GmbH
Boschstrasse 12
69469 Weinheim
DE
product_safety@wiley.com

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  • Produktbild: Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
  • 1 Introduction 1

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara

    1.1 Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 1

    1.2 Unique Natures of Hybrid Perovskites 4

    1.2.1 Notable Characteristics of Hybrid Perovskites 5

    1.2.2 Fundamental Properties of MAPbI3 8

    1.2.3 Why Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Show High Efficiency? 11

    1.3 Advantages of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 12

    1.3.1 Band Gap Tunability 12

    1.3.2 High V oc 13

    1.3.3 Low Temperature Coefficient 16

    1.4 Challenges for Hybrid Perovskites 16

    1.4.1 Requirement of Improved Stability 17

    1.4.2 Large-Area Solar Cells 19

    1.4.3 Toxicity of Pb and Sn Compounds 20

    1.5 Overview of this Book 22 Acknowledgment 23 References 23

     

    2 Overview of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 29

    Tsutomu Miyasaka and Ajay K. Jena

    2.1 Introduction 29

    2.2 Historical Backgrounds of Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics 32

    2.3 Semiconductor Properties of Organo Lead Halide Perovskites 34

    2.4 Working Principle of Perovskite Photovoltaics 37

    2.5 Compositional Design of the Halide Perovskite Absorbers 40

    2.6 Strategy for Stabilizing Perovskite Solar Cells 41

    2.7 All Inorganic and Lead-Free Perovskites 48

    2.8 Development of High-Efficiency Tandem Solar Cells 52

    2.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 54

    References 55

     

    Part I Characteristics of Hybrid Perovskites 65

     

    3 Crystal Structures 67

    Mitsutoshi Nishiwaki, Tatsuya Narikuri, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara

    3.1 What Is Hybrid Perovskite? 67

    3.2 Structures of Hybrid Perovskite Crystals 68

    3.2.1 Crystal Structure of MAPbI3 68

    3.2.2 Lattice Parameters of Hybrid Perovskites 71

    3.2.3 Secondary Phase Materials 75

    3.3 Tolerance Factor 77

    3.3.1 Tolerance Factor of Hybrid Perovskites 79

    3.3.2 Tolerance Factor of Mixed-Cation Perovskites 82

    3.4 Phase Change by Temperature 84

    3.5 Refined Structures of Hybrid Perovskites 86

    3.5.1 Orientation of Center Cations 86

    3.5.2 Relaxation of Center Cations 88 Acknowledgment 89 References 89

     

    4 Optical Properties 91

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Yukinori Nishigaki, Akio Matsushita, and Taisuke Matsui

    4.1 Introduction 91

    4.2 Light Absorption in MAPbI3 93

    4.2.1 Visible/UV Region 96

    4.2.2 IR Region 98

    4.2.3 THz Region 99

    4.3 Band Gap of Hybrid Perovskites 101

    4.3.1 Band Gap Analysis of MAPbI3 101

    4.3.2 Band Gap of Basic Perovskites 103

    4.3.3 Band Gap Variation in Perovskite Alloys 105

    4.4 True Absorption Coefficient of MAPbI3 106

    4.4.1 Principles of Optical Measurements 107

    4.4.2 Interpretation of a Variation 108

    4.5 Universal Rules for Hybrid Perovskite Optical Properties 111

    4.5.1 Variation with Center Cation 111

    4.5.2 Variation with Halide Anion 112

    4.6 Subgap Absorption Characteristics 114

    4.7 Temperature Effect on Absorption Properties 116

    4.8 Excitonic Properties of Hybrid Perovskites 117

    References 119

     

    5 Physical Properties Determined by Density Functional Theory 123

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Mitsutoshi Nishiwaki, and Yukinori Nishigaki

    5.1 Introduction 123

    5.2 What Is DFT? 124

    5.2.1 Basic Principles 124

    5.2.2 Assumptions and Limitations 126

    5.3 Crystal Structures Determined by DFT 128

    5.3.1 Hybrid Perovskite Structures 128

    5.3.2 Organic-Center Cations 131

    5.4 Band Structures 132

    5.4.1 Band Structures of Hybrid Perovskites 132

    5.4.2 Direct-Indirect Issue of Hybrid Perovskite 134

    5.4.3 Density of States 139

    5.4.4 Effective Mass 140

    5.5 Band Gap 141

    5.5.1 What Determines Band Gap? 142

    5.5.2 Effect of Center Cation 143

    5.5.3 Effect of Halide Anion 143

    5.6 Defect Physics 144 Acknowledgment 147 References 147

     

    6 Carrier Transport Properties 151

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara and Yoshitsune Kato

    6.1 Introduction 151

    6.2 Carrier Properties of Hybrid Perovskites 153

    6.2.1 Self-Doping in Hybrid Perovskites 153

    6.2.2 Effect of Carrier Concentration on Mobility 155

    6.3 Carrier Mobility of MAPbI3 155

    6.3.1 Variation of Mobility with Characterization Method 156

    6.3.2 Temperature Dependence 159

    6.3.3 Effect of Effective Mass 160

    6.3.4 What Determines Maximum Mobility of MAPbI3? 161

    6.4 Diffusion Length 164

    6.5 Carrier Transport in Various Hybrid Perovskites 166

    References 168

     

    7 Ferroelectric Properties 173

    Tobias Leonhard, Holger Röhm, Alexander D. Schulz, and Alexander Colsmann

    7.1 On the Importance of Ferroelectricity in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 173

    7.2 Ferroelectricity 174

    7.2.1 Crystallographic Considerations 174

    7.2.2 Ferroelectricity in Thin Films 178

    7.2.3 Crystallography of MAPbI3 Thin Films 178

    7.3 Probing Ferroelectricity on the Microscale 179

    7.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy 179

    7.3.2 Piezoresponse Force Microscopy 180

    7.3.3 Characterization of MAPbI3 Thin Films with sf-PFM 183

    7.3.4 Correlative Domain Characterization 188

    7.3.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 188

    7.3.4.2 X-ray Diffraction 189

    7.3.4.3 Electron Backscatter Diffraction 189

    7.3.4.4 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy 191

    7.3.5 Polarization Orientation 191

    7.3.6 Ferroelastic Effects in MAPbI3 Thin Films 193

    7.4 Ferroelectric Poling of MAPbI3 195

    7.4.1 AC Poling of MAPbI3 196

    7.4.2 Creeping Poling and Switching Events on the Microscopic Scale 197

    7.4.3 Macroscopic Effects of Poling 200

    7.5 Impact of Ferroelectricity on the Performance of Solar Cells 201

    7.5.1 Pitfalls During Sample Measurements 201

    7.5.2 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Solar Cells 203

    References 203

     

    8 Photoluminescence Properties 207

    Yasuhiro Yamada and Yoshihiko Kanemitsu

    8.1 Introduction 207

    8.2 Overview of Luminescent Properties 208

    8.3 Room-Temperature PL Spectra of a Hybrid Perovskite Thin Film 209

    8.4 Time-Resolved PL of a Hybrid Perovskite 213

    8.5 PL Quantum Efficiency 218

    8.6 Temperature-Dependent PL 220

    8.7 Material and Device Characterization by PL Spectroscopy 222

    8.7.1 Degradation and Healing of Hybrid Perovskites 222

    8.7.2 Charge Transfer Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cell 223

    8.8 Conclusion 224 Acknowledgment 225 References 225

     

    9 Role of Grain Boundaries 229

    Jae Sung Yun

    9.1 Introduction 229

    9.2 Role of Grain Boundaries in Device Performance 230

    9.2.1 Potential Barrier at GBs and Charge Transport 231

    9.2.2 Engineering of GB Properties 234

    9.3 Ion Migration Through Grain Boundaries 241

    9.3.1 Enhanced Ion Transport at Grain Boundaries 241

    References 250

     

    10 Roles of Center Cations 253

    Biwas Subedi, Juan Zuo, Marie Solange Tumusange, Maxwell M. Junda, Kiran

    10.1 Ghimire, and Nikolas J. Podraza

    Introduction 253

    10.2 Cubic Perovskite Phase Tolerance Factor 256

    10.3 Thin Film Stability 258

    10.4 Optoelectronic Property Variations 263

    10.5 Solar Cell Performance 268

    References 271

     

    Part II Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 275

    11 Operational Principles of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 277

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Yoshitsune Kato, Yuji Kadoya, Yukinori Nishigaki, Tomoya Kobayashi, Akio Matsushita, and Taisuke Matsui

    11.1 Introduction 277

    11.2 Operation of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 278

    11.2.1 Operational Principle and Basic Structures 278

    11.2.2 Band Alignment 281

    11.3 Band Diagram of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 283

    11.3.1 Device Simulation 283

    11.3.2 Experimental Observation 285

    11.4 Refined Analyses of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 287

    11.4.1 Carrier Generation and Loss 287

    11.4.2 Power Loss Mechanism 291

    11.4.3 e-ARC Software 295

    11.5 What Determines V oc? 295

    11.5.1 Effect of Interface 297

    11.5.2 Effect of Passivation 300

    11.5.3 Effect of Grain Boundary 303

    References 305

     

    12 Efficiency Limits of Single and Tandem Solar Cells 309

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Yoshitsune Kato, Masayuki Kozawa, Akira Terakawa, and Taisuke Matsui

    12.1 Introduction 309

    12.2 What Is the SQ Limit? 310

    12.2.1 Physical Model 311

    12.2.2 Blackbody Radiation 313

    12.2.3 SQ Limit 315

    12.3 Maximum Efficiencies of Perovskite Single Cells 319

    12.3.1 Concept of Thin-Film Limit 319

    12.3.2 EQE Calculation Method 321

    12.3.3 Maximum Efficiencies of Single Solar Cells 323

    12.3.4 Performance-Limiting Factors of Hybrid Perovskite Devices 325

    12.4 Maximum Efficiency of Tandem Cells 327

    12.4.1 Optical Model and Assumptions 328

    12.4.2 Calculation of Tandem-Cell EQE Spectra 329

    12.4.3 Maximum Efficiencies of Tandem Devices 331

    12.4.4 Realistic Maximum Efficiency of Tandem Cell 334

    12.5 Free Software for Efficiency Limit Calculation 335

    References 336

     

    13 Multi-cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 339

    Jacob N. Vagott and Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena

    13.1 Introduction 339

    13.2 Types of A-Site Multi-cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 341

    13.2.1 Pb-Based Multi-cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 341

    13.2.2 Sn-Based Multi-cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 344

    13.3 Cation Selection in Mixed-Cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 345

    13.3.1 Organic A-Cations 345

    13.3.2 Inorganic A-Cations 347

    13.4 Fabrication of Mixed-Cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 349

    13.4.1 Traditional Fabrication Approach 349

    13.4.2 Emerging Fabrication Technologies 350

    13.5 Charge Transport Materials 353

    13.6 Surface Passivation 357

    13.7 Mixed B-Cation Hybrid Organic?Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 361

    13.8 Basic Characterization of Mixed-Cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 362

    References 365

     

    14 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 373

    Gaurav Kapil and Shuzi Hayase

    14.1 Introduction 373

    14.1.1 Device Structure and Operating Principle 374

    14.1.2 Crystal Structure 375

    14.2 Tin Perovskite Solar Cells 376

    14.2.1 Intrinsic Properties 377

    14.2.2 Carrier Lifetime and Diffusion Length 378

    14.3 The Status of Sn Perovskite Solar Cells 379

    14.3.1 Different Type of Sn Perovskite Solar Cells 380

    14.3.1.1 CsSnI3 380

    14.3.1.2 MASnI3 383

    14.3.1.3 FASnI3 384

    14.3.1.4 FAxMA1-xSnI3 385

    14.3.1.5 2D/3D FASnI3 387

    14.3.1.6 Sn-Ge mixed PSCs 387

    14.3.2 Strategies to Improve the Efficiency 389

    14.3.2.1 Film Fabrication Methods 389

    14.3.2.2 Use of Reducing Agents 389

    14.3.2.3 Doping Effect of Large Organic Cations 390

    14.3.2.4 Device Engineering and Lattice Relaxation 391

    14.4 Sn-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells 393

    14.4.1 Anomalous Bandgap of SnPb (The Bowing Effect) 396

    14.4.2 Physical Properties 398

    14.4.2.1 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration 398

    14.4.2.2 Carrier Lifetime and Diffusion Length 399

    14.5 The Status of Sn-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells 399

    14.5.1 Different Types of Sn-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells 401

    14.5.1.1 First Kind of Sn-Pb PSC absorber: MASnxPb1-xI3 401

    14.5.1.2 Multi Cation Sn-Pb Perovskites: (FA, MA, Cs) (Sn, Pb) (I, Br, Cl)3 401

    14.5.2 Strategies to Improve the Efficiency 403

    14.5.2.1 Use of Additives 403

    14.5.2.2 Device Engineering 404

    14.6 Conclusion and Outlook 406

    References 406

     

    15 Stability of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 411

    Seigo Ito

    15.1 Introduction: Trigger of the Degradation 411

    15.2 Crystal Quality for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells 413

    15.3 Water-Stable and MA-Free Perovskites 415

    15.4 Defects and Grain-Surface Ion Migration, and Passivation (Including 2-D Crystal) 417

    15.5 Degradation at Interface with Metal Oxides 420

    15.6 Porous Carbon Electrode to Be Very Stable Multiporous-Layered- Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells (MPLE-PSC) 420

    15.7 Damp Heat Tests 421

    15.8 Conclusion 422

    References 425

     

    16 Hysteresis in J-V Characteristics 429

    Wolfgang Tress

    16.1 Introduction and Definitions: What Do We Mean by Hysteresis? 429

    16.2 The JV Curve of a Solar Cell: What Does It Tell? 431

    16.3 Characteristics of Hysteresis: What Does It Depend on? 437

    16.4 Mechanistic and Microscopic Origin of Hysteresis: What Changes Slowly? 442

    16.5 Issues with Hysteresis: How to Tune/Avoid/Suppress? 453

    16.6 Conclusion and Open Questions 453

    References 454

     

    17 Perovskite-Based Tandem Solar Cells 463

    Klaus Jäger and Steve Albrecht

    17.1 Introduction 463

    17.2 Architectures of Tandem Solar Cells 465

    17.2.1 Monolithic Two-Terminal Solar Cells 466

    17.2.2 Four-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells 467

    17.2.3 Other Concepts 468

    17.2.4 Bifacial Solar Cells 469

    17.3 Efficiency Limits of Multi-Junction Solar Cells 469

    17.3.1 Efficiency Limit for Four-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells 470

    17.3.2 Efficiency Limit for Two-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells 472

    17.3.3 Efficiency Limit for Cells with More Junctions 474

    17.4 Perovskites as Tandem Solar Cell Materials 474

    17.5 Experimental Results on Perovskite-Based Tandem Solar Cells 477

    17.5.1 Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells 482

    17.5.2 Perovskite-Chalcogenide Tandem Solar Cells 489

    17.6 Energy Yield Calculations 493

    17.6.1 Illumination Model 494

    17.6.2 Optical Model 494

    17.6.3 Electrical Model 496

    17.6.4 Temperature Model 498

    17.6.5 Energy Yield Calculation 498

    17.7 Conclusions and Outlook 499 Acknowledgments 500 References 500

     

    18 All Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells 509

    Zhaoning Song and Yanfa Yan

    18.1 Introduction 509

    18.2 Working Principles of Tandem Solar Cells 511

    18.2.1 Why to Use Tandem Solar Cells 511

    18.2.2 Tandem Device Architectures 513

    18.2.3 PCE of Tandem Solar Cells 514

    18.3 Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells 516

    18.3.1 Wide-Bandgap Mixed I-Br Perovskites 516

    18.3.2 Current State of Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells 518

    18.3.3 Critical Issues of Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Cells 519

    18.4 Low-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells 520

    18.4.1 Low-Bandgap Mixed Sn-Pb Perovskites 520

    18.4.2 Current State of Low-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells 524

    18.4.3 Critical Issues of Low-Bandgap Perovskite Cells 525

    18.5 All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells 527

    18.5.1 4-T All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells 527

    18.5.2 2-T All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells 528

    18.5.3 Limitations and Challenges of All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells 533

    18.6 Conclusion and Outlooks 534 Acknowledgments 535 References 535

     

    A Optical Constants of Hybrid Perovskite Materials 541

    Yukinori Nishigaki, Akio Matsushita, Alvaro Tejada, Taisuke Matsui, and

    Hiroyuki Fujiwara

    References 562

     

    B Numerical Values of Shockley-Queisser Limit 563

    Yoshitsune Kato and Hiroyuki Fujiwara

     

    Index 567