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Produktbild: Superatoms

Superatoms Principles, Synthesis and Applications

Fr. 249.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

01.12.2021

Herausgeber

Jena Puru + weitere

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

400

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/16.8/2.8 cm

Gewicht

652 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-61952-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

01.12.2021

Herausgeber

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

400

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/16.8/2.8 cm

Gewicht

652 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-61952-9

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  • Produktbild: Superatoms

  • Preface xi

    List of Contributors xiii

    1 Introduction 1
    Puru Jena and Qiang Sun

    References 7

    2 Rational Design of Superatoms Using Electron-Counting Rules 15
    Puru Jena, Hong Fang, and Qiang Sun

    2.1 Introduction 15

    2.2 Electron-Counting Rules 17

    2.2.1 Jellium Rule 17

    2.2.2 Octet Rule 24

    2.2.2.1 Superalkalis and Superhalogens 25

    2.2.2.2 Superchalcogens 27

    2.2.3 18-Electron Rule 29

    2.2.4 32-Electron Rule 30

    2.2.5 Aromaticity Rule 31

    2.2.6 Wade-Mingos Rule 34

    2.3 Stabilizing Negative Ions Using Multiple Electron-Counting Rules 37

    2.3.1 Monoanions 37

    2.3.2 Dianions 41

    2.3.3 Trianions 43

    2.3.4 Tetra-Anions and Beyond 44

    2.4 Conclusions 46

    References 46

    3 Superhalogens - Enormously Strong Electron Acceptors 53
    Piotr Skurski

    3.1 Superhalogen Concept 53

    3.1.1 Early Studies 53

    3.1.2 Further Research (until 1999) 55

    3.1.3 First Measurement of Gas-Phase Experimental Electron Detachment Energies 57

    3.1.4 The Performance of Theoretical Treatments in Estimating VDEs 58

    3.2 Alternative Superhalogens 61

    3.2.1 Nonmetal Central Atoms 62

    3.2.2 Nonhalogen Ligands 63

    3.2.3 Beyond the MXk+1 Formula 66

    3.2.4 Superhalogens as Ligands 68

    3.3 Polynuclear Systems and the Search for EA and VDE Limits 70

    3.3.1 Polynuclear Superhalogens 71

    3.3.2 Search for EA and VDE Limits 74

    3.3.3 Magnetic Superhalogens 76

    3.4 Superhalogens' Applications at a Glance 77

    3.5 Final Remarks 78

    Acknowledgements 79

    References 79

    4 Endohedrally Doped Superatoms and Assemblies 85
    Vijay Kumar

    4.1 Introduction 85

    4.2 Magic Clusters and Their Electronic Stability 88

    4.3 Discovery of Silicon Fullerenes and Other Polyhedral Forms 89

    4.4 Endohedral Superatoms of Ge, Sn, and Pb 97

    4.5 Magnetic Superatoms 101

    4.6 Endohedral Clusters of Group 11 Elements 101

    4.7 Endohedral Clusters of B, Al, and Ga 104

    4.8 Hydrogenated Silicon Fullerenes 107

    4.9 Compound Superatoms and Other Systems 108

    4.10 Assemblies of Superatoms 110

    4.11 Concluding Remarks 117

    Acknowledgements 117

    References 118

    5 Magnetic Superatoms 129
    Nicola Gaston

    5.1 Introduction 129

    5.2 The Arrival of the Magnetic Superatom 130

    5.3 Tunable Superatoms 133

    5.4 The Delocalisation of d-electrons 134

    5.5 Prospects for Nanostructured Magnetic Material Design 137

    References 138

    6 Atomically Precise Synthesis of Chemically Modified Superatoms 141
    Shinjiro Takano and Tatsuya Tsukuda

    6.1 Introduction 141

    6.1.1 The Concept of Superatoms 141

    6.1.2 Chemically Modified Au/Ag Superatoms 142

    6.2 Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms 147

    6.2.1 Size Effects 147

    6.2.2 Composition Effects 151

    6.2.3 Shape Effects 153

    6.3 Atomically Precise Synthesis of Chemically Modified Superatoms 160

    6.3.1 Size Control 160

    6.3.1.1 Top-down Approach: Size Focusing 161

    6.3.1.2 Bottom-up Approach: Size Convergence 163

    6.3.1.3 Template Method 168

    6.3.1.4 Kinetic Control 168

    6.3.2 Composition Control 169

    6.3.2.1 Co-reduction Method 169

    6.3.2.2 Antigalvanic Method 170

    6.3.2.3 Hydride-Mediated Transformation 172

    6.3.3 Shape Control 172

    6.3.4 Surface Control 174

    6.3.4.1 Ligand Exchange 174

    6.3.4.2 Hydrogen-Mediated Transformation 176

    6.4 Summary 176

    References 177

    7 Atomically Precise Noble Metals in the Nanoscale, Stabilized by Ligands 183
    Hannu Häkkinen

    7.1 Introduction 183

    7.2 Fundamentals 184

    7.2.1 Free Electron Model and the Kubo Gap 184

    7.2.2 Electron Shell Structure 185

    7.2.3 Ligand-Stabilized Metal Clusters as Superatoms 188

    7.2.3.1 Case Study: The (Ag44(SR)30)4¿ Superatom 188

    7.2.4 Transition from Electronic to Atomic Shells 191

    7.3 Applications 194

    7.3.1 Catalysis 194

    7.3.2 Biological and Medical Applications 199

    7.3.2.1 Case Study: Imaging of Enteroviruses 200

    7.3.3 Self-Assembling Cluster Materials from Superatoms 201

    7.3.3.1 Case Study: Polymeric 1D Cluster Materials 203

    7.4 Summary and Outlook 205

    References 206

    8 Superatoms as Building Blocks of 2D Materials 209
    Zhifeng Liu

    8.1 Introduction 209

    8.2 Fullerene-Assembled 2D Materials 211

    8.2.1 C60-assembled Monolayer 211

    8.2.1.1 Freestanding vdWC60 Monolayer 212

    8.2.1.2 Freestanding Covalent Polymerized C60 Monolayer 213

    8.2.2 Cn (n = 20, 26, 32, 36)-assembled Monolayers 217

    8.2.3 Fullerene Monolayers on Substrates 220

    8.3 Si-Based Cluster Assembled 2D Materials 223

    8.3.1 V@Si12 Assembled 2D Monolayer 223

    8.3.1.1 Structure and Stability 223

    8.3.1.2 Electronic and Ferromagnetic Properties 224

    8.3.2 Other TM@Si12 Assembled 2D Monolayers 225

    8.3.3 Ta@Si16 Assembled 2D Monolayer and That on Substrate 226

    8.4 Binary Semiconductor Cluster Assembled 2D Materials 231

    8.4.1 Cd6Se6 Assembled Sheets 232

    8.4.2 X12Y12 Cage Cluster Assembled Monolayer 235

    8.5 Simple and Noble Metal Cluster-assembled 2D Materials 236

    8.5.1 Mg7 Assembled Monolayer 236

    8.5.2 Au9 and Pt9 Assembled Square Monolayer 237

    8.6 Zintl-ion Cluster-assembled 2D Materials 240

    8.6.1 Ge9 Ion Cluster Monolayer 240

    8.6.2 Ti@Au12 Ion Cluster Monolayer 241

    8.7 Chevrel Cluster-Assembled 2D Materials 243

    8.7.1 Re6Se8 Cluster-based Monolayer 243

    8.7.2 Co6Se8 Cluster-based Monolayer 245

    8.8 Summary and Future Perspectives 247

    References 249

    9 Superatom-Based Ferroelectrics 257
    Menghao Wu and Puru Jena

    9.1 Introduction 257

    9.2 Organic Ferroelectrics 258

    9.3 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites 262

    9.4 Supersalts 266

    9.5 Conclusion 270

    References 270

    10 Cluster-based Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage 277
    Puru Jena, Hong Fang, and Qiang Sun

    10.1 Introduction 277

    10.2 Cluster-Based Materials for Moisture-resistant Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 283

    10.3 Cluster-Based Materials for Optoelectronic Devices 287

    10.4 Cluster-Based Materials for Solid-state Electrolytes in Li-and Na-ion Batteries 287

    10.4.1 Halogen-free Electrolytes 289

    10.4.2 Cluster-based Antiperovskites for Electrolytes in Li-ion Batteries 292

    10.4.3 Cluster-based Antiperovskites for Electrolytes in Na-ion Batteries 297

    10.5 Cluster-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage 300

    10.5.1 Hydrogen Interaction Mechanism 300

    10.5.2 Intermediate States 303

    10.5.3 Catalysts for Lowering the Dehydrogenation Temperature 305

    10.6 Clusters Promoting Unusual Reactions 305

    10.6.1 Zn in +III Oxidation State 307

    10.6.2 Covalent Binding of Noble Gas Atoms 307

    10.7 Conclusions 310

    References 311

    11 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Cluster-based Materials 317
    Tingwei Li, Qiang Sun, and Puru Jena

    11.1 Introduction 317

    11.2 Basic Theory 318

    11.2.1 Thermoelectric Effect 318

    11.2.2 Material Performance 319

    11.2.3 Tuning ZT by Carrier Concentration 320

    11.2.4 Tuning ZT by Electronic Structure 321

    11.2.4.1 Carrier Effective Mass, m* 321

    11.2.4.2 Carrier Mobility 322

    11.3 Low Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Cluster-based Materials 323

    11.3.1 Crystal Complexity of Cluster-based Materials 324

    11.3.2 Chemical Bond Hierarchy in Cluster-based Materials 325

    11.3.3 Structural Disorder in Cluster-based Materials 326

    11.3.4 Orientational Disorder in Cluster-based Materials 327

    11.3.4.1 Co6E8(PEt3)6 and [Co6E8(PEt3)6][C60]2 328

    11.3.4.2 Fullerene Assembled Films 329

    11.4 Thermoelectric Properties of some Selected Cluster-based Materials 330

    11.4.1 Mo6 and Mo9 Cluster-based Selenides 330

    11.4.1.1 Crystal Structures 330

    11.4.1.2 Electronic Structures 331

    11.4.1.3 Thermal Properties 332

    11.4.1.4 Thermoelectric Figure of Merit ZT 334

    11.4.2 Boron-based Cluster Materials 334

    11.4.2.1 Crystal Structures 335

    11.4.2.2 Thermoelectric Properties 335

    11.4.3 Silver-based Cluster Materials 338

    11.5 Conclusion 341

    References 342

    12 Clusters for CO2 Activation and Conversion 349

    Haoming Shen, Qiang Sun, and Puru Jena

    12.1 Introduction 349

    12.2 Superalkali Catalysts 351

    12.2.1 Li-based Superalkalis for CO2 Activation 351

    12.2.2 Supported or Embedded Superalkalis for CO2 Capture 358

    12.3 Al-Based Clusters for CO2 Capture 359

    12.4 Ligand-Protected Au25 Clusters for CO2 Conversion 361

    12.5 M@Ag24 Clusters for CO2 Conversion 364

    12.6 Cu-Based Clusters for CO2 Conversion 367

    12.7 Metal Encapsulated Silicon Nanocages for CO2 Conversion 370

    12.8 Summary and Perspectives 370

    References 372

    13 Conclusions and Future Outlook 375
    Puru Jena and Qiang Sun

    Index 379