Foreword xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction to Soft Materials 1
Athul Satya and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Brief Introduction to Theories of Soft Matter 2
1.3 Classification of Soft Materials 3
1.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Materials 11
1.5 Characteristics of Soft Matter 12
1.6 Summary 22
References 22
2 Synthesizing Soft Materials: Lab to an Industrial Approach 25
Varsha Jain, Tarang Gupta and Madhusudan Maity
List of Abbreviations 26
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Soft Condensed Matter 28
2.3 Synthesis of Smart Functional LCs 38
2.4 Conclusions 66
References 67
3 Liquid Crystal as a Potential Biosensing Material 81
Athul Satya, Tayssir Missaoui, Gurumurthy Hegde and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations 81
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Classification of LC Biosensor 84
3.3 LC-Microfluidic Biosensor 90
3.4 Electric Field-Assisted Signal Amplified LC Biosensor 93
3.5 LC-Based Whispering Gallery Mode Microcavity Biosensing 93
3.6 LC Biosensors Using Different Sensing Targets 94
3.7 Summary 98
References 98
4 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Emulsions for Biosensing 103
Buchaiah Gollapelli and Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
List of Abbreviations 103
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Fabrication of LC Emulsions 114
4.3 CLCs in Biosensor Applications 118
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities 124
4.5 Conclusions 124
References 125
5 Design and Study of Ionic Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Biomedical Applications 131
Aanchal Saxena
List of Abbreviations 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Applications in Biomedicine 133
5.3 Hydrogels 135
5.4 Hardware 137
5.5 Characteristics of the Hydrogel 139
5.6 Limitations 139
5.7 Conclusions and Further Study 139
Acknowledgments 139
References 140
6 Colloidal Nanoparticles as Potential Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 145
Karthika Lakshmi Servarayan, Maziah Mohd Ghazaly, Manickam Sundarapandi, Jagathiswary Ganasan, Kavin Tamilselvan, Syahidatun Nisak Amir, Nur Arisya Farazuana Dzulkifli, Noor Fatin Shabira Mohd Azli, Rameshkumar Santhanam and Vasantha Vairathevar Sivasamy
List of Abbreviations 145
6.1 Introduction 146
6.2 Cancer Biomarkers 149
6.3 Colloidal NP-Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 150
6.4 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 157
6.5 Conclusions 158
Acknowledgment 159
References 159
7 Polymeric Composite Soft Materials for Anticancer Drug Delivery and Detection 165
Thangarasu Mohanraj, Thavasilingam Nagendraraj, Jamespandi Annaraj and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations 166
7.1 Introduction 168
7.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material-Based Anticancer Drug Delivery 176
7.3 Polymer Composite Soft Material-Based Sensors for Anticancer Drug Detection 184
7.4 Discussion 199
7.5 Conclusion 206
Acknowledgment 206
References 206
8 Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material-Based Biosensors 217
Smriti Ojha, Ankita Moharana, Gowri Shankar Chintapalli, Shivendra Mani Tripathi and Sudhanshu Mishra
List of Abbreviations 218
8.1 Introduction 218
8.2 The Principle Behind Doped Soft Nanomaterial-Based Biosensor 219
8.3 Classification of Soft Materials 221
8.4 Physical and Chemical Behavior of Soft Material 224
8.5 Synthesis of Soft Nanomaterial-Based Biosensor 225
8.6 Application of Nano-Based Biosensor 227
8.7 Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material-Based Biosensors 227
8.8 Challenges and Limitations 228
8.9 Conclusion 228
References 229
9 Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosomes are Detected by Biosensors Based on Soft Materials 233
Subha Ranjan Das
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Exosome Biogenesis, Isolation, and Study of Exosome Composition 235
9.3 Exosome Profiling 237
9.4 Exosomes Produced by Cancer: Clinical Evaluation 239
9.5 Important Biosensor-Related Components 242
9.6 Soft Material-Based Biosensors are a Recent Development in Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosome Detection 245
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 261
References 263
10 Natural-Product-Based Soft Materials in Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 275
Shunmuga Nainar Shunmuga Nathan, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Piraman Shakkthivel, Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha and Mathew Mathew
List of Abbreviations 276
10.1 Introduction 278
10.2 Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 281
10.3 Protein/Amino Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 287
10.4 Opportunities, Future Recommendations, and Challenges 293
10.5 Conclusions 303
10.6 Acknowledgments 303
References 303
11 Recent Advances and Development in 3D Printable Biosensors 311
Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay and Pratistha Bhagat
List of Abbreviations 312
11.1 Introduction 313
11.2 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Technology 317
11.3 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Product Type 326
11.4 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Medical Applications 329
11.5 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Sensor Types 332
11.6 Conclusion 334
References 335
12 Computational Panorama of Soft Material for Biosensing Applications 341
Deepak Kajla, Dinesh Kumar Sharma and Amit Mittal
Abbreviations 341
12.1 Introduction 343
12.2 Computational Application of Soft Gel Biosensing Techniques in Microfluids 349
12.3 Computational Panorama of Soft Hydrogel Technique in Diagnostics 350
12.4 Computational Landscaping of Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors and Their Applications 354
12.5 Use of Wearable Biosensors in Computation for Treatment, Diagnosis, and Medical Monitoring 357
12.6 Computational Panorama of Optical Biosensor 359
12.7 Computational Applications of Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks 360
12.8 Hydrogel-Based Self-Supporting Materials with Computational Panorama for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 361
12.9 Waterborne Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors and Molecular Techniques 362
12.10 Applications of Biomimetic Electrochemical Devices in Detecting 362
12.11 The Latest Developments in Hydrogels for Sensing Applications 363
12.12 Novel Aerial Image of Dissolving Microneedles Used for Transdermal Medicine Delivery 363
12.13 Making Use of Potentiometric Biosensors to Find Biomarkers 364
12.14 Biosensor Framework Enabled by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning 364
12.15 Conclusion 365
References 366
13 Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors for Humans 369
Periyasamy Ananthappan, Karuppathevan Ramki, Jayalakshmi Mariakuttikan, Fatimah binti Hashim and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations 369
13.1 Introduction 372
13.2 Nature of Implantable Materials 373
13.3 Importance of Soft Materials in the Field of Implantable Biosensors 373
13.4 Types of Soft Materials 377
13.5 Factors Influencing the Implantable Biosensors 382
13.6 Applications of Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors in Humans 386
13.7 Challenges for Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors 408
13.8 Recommendation 411
13.9 Conclusions 412
Acknowledgments 412
References 412
14 Treatment of Diabetic Patients with Functionalized Biomaterials 423
Jyotsna Priyam
List of Abbreviations 423
14.1 Background and Introduction 424
14.2 Mechanism of Insulin Release in Diabetes Mellitus 425
14.3 Relationship Between Diabetic Complications and Glycation Process 426
14.4 Biomaterials and Their Surface Functionalization 428
14.5 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials Using Surface Modification Technologies 429
14.6 Biomaterials with Natural Polymer Bases to Treat Diabetes 430
14.7 Biomaterials Based on Chitosan for the Treatment of Diabetes 432
14.8 Synthetic Polymer-Based Biomaterials for the Treatment of Diabetes 432
14.9 Hydrogel-Based Adaptable Biomaterials for Managing and Treating Diabetes 434
14.10 Topical Gel-Based Biomaterials for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Therapy 434
14.11 Creating Immunomodulatory Biomaterials to Treat Diabetes 435
14.12 Using Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wound Management 437
14.13 Applications of Functionalized Biomaterials for Diabetes Mellitus-Related Tissue Engineering 441
14.14 Conclusion and Future Scope 442
Acknowledgments 442
References 442
15 Treatment and Detection of Oral Cancer Using Biosensors: Advances and Prospective 449
Shatrudhan Prajapati, Rishabha Malviya and Priyanshi Goyal
List of Abbreviations 449
15.1 Introduction 450
15.2 Therapeutic Value of Mouth Liquids as a Bio Medium 457
15.3 Salivary Metabolomics 459
15.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 459
15.5 Biosensors on a Nanoscale 461
15.6 Conclusions 461
References 462
16 Environmental Aspect of Soft Material: Journey of Sustainable and Cost-Effective Biosensors from Lab to Industry 467
Harshita Rana, Pratichi Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrahari and Shikha Yadav
List of Abbreviations 468
16.1 Introduction 469
16.2 Soft Materials 469
16.3 Environmental Impact 472
16.4 Biosensors 474
16.5 Applications of Biosensors in Several Disciplines 478
16.6 Advancement in Biosensors 482
16.7 Fluorescent Tag Biosensors 483
16.8 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Biosensors 485
16.9 Conclusion 486
References 487
Index 493
