Preface xi
1 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Traffic and Transport Problems of an Urban City 2
1.3 Mass Transport System 4
1.4 Modes of Transportation and Characteristics 4
1.5 Public Transport System 8
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Transport System 10
1.7 Role of Transportation in Mass Transportation Systems 10
1.8 Public-Private Transport System 11
1.9 Transportation Infrastructure 12
1.10 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation, and How It Can Solve Various Issues 13
2 Use of Sustainable Transportation for Urban Scenarios 19
2.1 Introduction to Urban Transportation Scenarios 19
2.2 Advanced Operation Concepts of Public Transportation 22
2.3 BRTS and Bus Lane System 24
2.4 Advantages and Limitations in Worldwide Transport Scenario 27
2.5 Advantages and Limitations in Indian Transport Scenario 29
2.6 Rail System and Its Types (in the Context of Monorail, Metro, etc.) 31
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rail System 33
2.8 Skywalk and Under Bridge and Its Advantages 35
2.9 Measuring Performance of Transit Systems 36
3 Background on Intelligent Transportation and Telemetric Systems 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Definitions 42
3.3 Features and Objectives of ITS 44
3.4 History of ITS and Its Development Over the World 45
3.5 Telemetric Concept 47
3.6 Transport Telemetric 49
3.7 Telemetric Structure 51
3.8 ITS Taxonomy 53
3.9 ITS Application Areas and Uses 55
3.10 Application in Urban Transportation 58
4 Use of ITS for Deployment of Sustainable Transportation Models 63
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 How ITS can be Used to Maintain Sustainability 66
4.3 Advanced Traffic Management Systems 70
4.4 Advanced Traveler Information Systems 73
4.5 Advanced Vehicle Control System 75
4.6 Commercial Vehicle Operational Management 77
4.7 Advanced Public Transportation Systems 80
4.8 Electronic Payment Systems 82
4.9 Advanced Urban Transportation Models 86
4.10 Security and Safety Systems 88
4.11 Urban Traffic Control 90
4.12 Benefits and Limitations of ITS for Sustainable Transportation 94
5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Transportation System 99
5.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 99
5.2 Components of Transportation System that Require Optimization 102
5.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Optimization of these Components 108
5.4 Congestion Control with Artificial Intelligence 109
5.5 Accident Avoidance with Artificial Intelligence 112
5.6 Active Alert System Design with Artificial Intelligence 115
6 Introduction of Signal Processing for Sustainable Transport 127
6.1 Introduction 128
6.2 Signal Processing Overview 129
6.3 Fundamentals of Image Processing 131
6.4 Fundamental Signals (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) 133
6.5 Classification of Systems 135
6.6 Characteristics of LTI/LSI Systems 137
6.7 Application of Image Processing in Urban Transportation Systems 138
7 Geographic Information System-Based Transportation System 143
7.1 Introduction to Geographic Information System 144
7.2 Sources of GIS 147
7.3 Role of GIS in Transportation 150
7.4 Assessment of Roads, and Railways Using GIS 153
7.5 Case Study of Smart City GIS 156
8 Deployment of Sustainability for Non-Motorized Transportation Systems 161
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Components of NMT 162
8.3 Categories of NMT 165
8.4 Planning Smart Cities to Facilitate NMT 167
8.5 Effect of NMT Planning on Healthcare 170
8.6 Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Integrating Sustainability in NMTs 174
9 Sustainability for Pedestrian Safety Applications 181
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Urban Pedestrian Safety-Skyways, Intersection Subways, Halt Stations 184
9.3 Crossing Measures 188
9.4 Flexibility in Accessibility 192
9.5 Design of Collision Control Systems for Intersections to Improve Pedestrian Safety 196
9.6 Design of Use Case for Pedestrian Safety for Sustainable Operations 200
10 Environmental Impact Assessment 207
10.1 Introduction 208
10.2 Description of Proposed Activity 211
10.3 Structural Audits 212
10.4 Analysis of Site Selection Procedure 214
10.5 Baseline Conditions/Major Concerns 216
10.6 Green Building and Its Advantages 218
10.7 Description of Potential Positive and Negative Environmental, Social, Economic, and Cultural Impacts Including Cumulative, Regional, Temporal, and Spatial Considerations 221
10.8 Significance of Mitigation Plans and Monitoring Plans 225
11 Traffic Flow Analysis 231
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Study Area 233
11.3 Data Collection 234
11.4 Development of Relationship Between Speed, Flow, and Density 236
11.5 Recommendations 242
12 Machine Learning-Based Traffic Operation System 245
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Literature Review 247
12.3 Proposed Integrated Machine Learning Model for Improving Highway Traffic Maintenance Efficiency with IoT Devices 252
12.4 Performance Analysis 255
12.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 259
13 Traffic Scenario: Efficient Model for Accident Analysis 263
13.1 Introduction 264
13.2 Motivation and Contributions 265
13.3 Review of Existing Models 266
13.4 Comparative Analysis 284
13.5 Design of the Proposed Model 297
13.6 Result Analysis 301
13.7 Conclusions and Future Scope 312
14 Smart Vehicle Scenarios in Urban Transportation Through Blockchain and Advanced Machine Learning Techniques 319
14.1 Introduction 320
14.2 Motivation and Contribution 321
14.3 Literature Review 322
14.4 Comparative Analysis of Reviewed Models 350
14.5 Design of the Proposed Model 363
14.6 Result Analysis 367
14.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 377
Future Scope 378
References 378
Appendix 1 385
Index 399
