Acknowledgments
Preface
CHAPTER I The World Health Organization (WHO) and the global governance of diseases
PART I The Birth of the WHO and the International Health Regulations
1. Introduction
2. The international health regime prior to the creation of the WHO
2.1. The phase of health unilateralism
2.2. The shift of the XX Century
3. The WHO's foundations
4. The WHO's structure and its Institutional Set Up
5. The legal powers of the WHO
6. The International Health Regulations
6.1. Negotiation process
6.2. The all risk approach
6.3. Main duties upon States
6.3.1. Information sharing
6.3.2. Capacity building obligations
7. Soft law instruments
8. Global strategies
PART II The Right to Health and International Law
9. The right to health
10. Health and human rights
11. The international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12. Sectorial treaties and right to health
12.1. General human rights treaties (at universal or regional scope)
12.2. Regional level
12.3. Biolaw and right to health
13. International jurisprudence
14. Conclusions
CHAPTER II IS THE WHO TRULY INDEPENDENT: SUCCESSES, FAILURES AND PERSPECTIVES OF REFORM
1. Short Overview of WHO's Achievements and Failures
2. The Epidemiological Transition Model
3. WHO declarations of PHEIC
4. Declarations of PHEIC: the WHO's practice
4.1. The pandemic of H1N1 influenza (2009-2010)
4.2. The resurgence of Wild Polio (2014-)
4.3. The case of MERS
4.4. The case of Ebola 2014-2016
4.5. The case of Zika
4.6. The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019-2020)
4.7. The COVID-19 outbreak
4.8. The Monkeypox outbreak
5. The WHO's lack of enforcement powers
6. How to improve the global health architecture
6.1. The Call for a Reform
6.2. The New Pandemic Treaty
6.3. Advantages
6.4. Drawbacks and other options
7. Conclusions
CHAPTER III THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE GLOBAL, AND DOMESTIC RESPONSES: WHAT WENT WRONG?
1.Introduction
2.The Levels of Responsibility for the spread of COVID-19
a) The WHO
b) China
c) The Member States
3. The 'Mission Creep' of the WHO
4. In search of the WHO's Responsibilities
4.1. Background
4.2. The meetings of the Emergency Committee of 22-23 January 2020 and the decision not to declare a PHEIC
4.3. What went wrong?
a) The role of the Emergency Committee
b) Design Flaw
5. The Declaration of PHEIC of 30 January 2020 and the measures recommended
6. The Declaration of the Pandemic of COVID-19 as a trigger for domestic pandemic plans
7. Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER IV The Origins of COVID-19, Pandemic Risk, and the Limits of Environmental Law
1. Disease Spillover and environmental degradation
2. Zoonotic Diseases and the Limits of Environmental Law
3. The Gaps of Environmental Law
3.1.Wildlife Law
3.2. Forest Law
4. The Problem of Wet Markets and the Lack of a Global Ban
5. A Global Ban of Wet Markets and the One Health Approach
6. Conclusions
CHAPTER V COVID-19 VACCINES, THE END OF THE PANDEMICS AND UNSETTLED ISSUES
PART I
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, VACCINE NATIONALISM AND DISTRIBUTIVE DILEMMAS
1. Introduction
2. The distributive dilemma and vaccine nationalism
3. The necessity of a global roll out of COVID-19 vaccines
4. Overview of Patent Law
4.1. The TRIPS Agreement
4.2. Patent rights vs. public health
4.3. States obligations and global solidarity
5. COVID-19 vaccines and benefit sharing
5.1. Fair and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines
5.1.1. The Target of Global Health Coverage
5.1.2. COVID-19 Vaccines as a Common Public Good?
6. Specific Declarations on fair and equitable access
6.1. Global level
6.1.1. WHO
6.1.2. United Nations
7. The COVAX initiative
8.Some remarks on the lessons learned by vaccine nationalism
PART II
Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccinations and Human Rights in Europe: how to find a Delicate Balance?
9 .Vaccine Hesitancy
10. A brief history of vaccinations
11. The European model on vaccinations
12. COVID-19 and Mandatory Vaccinations
13. The European legal framework
13.1. The European Union
13.2. The Council of Europe
14. Vaccines and right to life
15. Vaccines and right to private life
16. Vaccines and freedom of thought, conscience and religion
17. Some thoughts on compulsory vaccinations
18. Concluding remarks
CHAPTER VI Infectious diseases as a threat to peace and security and COVID-19: one step behind?
PART I: Framing the issue: infectious diseases and security
1. Introduction
2. New threats to peace and security
3. Resolution 2177/2014 and the securitization of health
4. The conceptual foundation of Resolution 2177
PART II: The Security Council facing the COVID-19 Pandemic
5. The stalemate of the Security Council at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
6. Resolution 2532 (2020)
7. The legal nature of Resolution 2532 (2020)
8. Similarities and differences between Resolutions 2177 (2014) and 2532 (2020)
9. Resolution 2565 (2021)
10. Concluding Remarks
Conclusions
