Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Companion Website xv
Part I General Principles of the Nervous System 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System 3
Cells of the Central Nervous System 5
Central Nervous System 6
Peripheral Nervous System 9
Questions to Ponder 10
Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System 11
Clinical Case 11
Early Development 12
Neurulation 14
Early Development of the Spinal Cord and Brain 19
Development of the Spinal Cord 21
Development of the Brain 23
Clinical Considerations 30
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Nervous System 31
Follow-up to Clinical Case 31
Questions to Ponder 31
Chapter 3 Histophysiology of the Nervous System 32
Clinical Case 32
Neurons 33
Neuroglia 40
Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses 44
Clinical Considerations 47
Synonyms and Eponyms of Nervous System Histophysiology 48
Follow-up to Clinical Case 48
Questions to Ponder 48
Chapter 4 Neurotransmitter Substances 49
Clinical Case 49
Classification of Neurotransmitter Substances 52
Clinical Considerations 58
Follow-up to Clinical Case 59
Questions to Ponder 59
Chapter 5 Spinal Cord 60
Clinical Case 60
Morphology of the Spinal Cord 61
Internal Morphology of the Spinal Cord 67
Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 70
Clinical Considerations 73
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Cord 74
Follow-up to Clinical Case 74
Questions to Ponder 74
Chapter 6 Gross Anatomy of the Brain 75
Clinical Case 75
Cerebrum 76
Diencephalon 84
Cerebellum 85
Brainstem 87
Clinical Considerations 88
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brain 90
Follow-up to Clinical Case 90
Questions to Ponder 90
Chapter 7 Brainstem 91
Clinical Case 91
Internal Organization of the Brainstem 91
Medulla Oblongata 96
Pons 102
Midbrain 107
Clinical Considerations 111
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brainstem 116
Follow-up to Clinical Case 116
Questions to Ponder 116
Chapter 8 Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 117
Clinical Case 117
Cranial Meninges 118
Spinal Meninges 126
Venous Sinuses of the Cranial Dura Mater 127
Cerebrospinal Fluid 130
Ventricles of the Brain 130
Clinical Considerations 131
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cranial Meninges 132
Follow-up to Clinical Case 132
Questions to Ponder 132
Chapter 9 Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 133
Clinical Case 133
Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 134
Arterial Supply of the Brain 135
Venous Drainage of the Brain 149
Clinical Considerations 152
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 153
Follow-up to Clinical Case 153
Questions to Ponder 153
Chapter 10 Autonomic Nervous System 154
Clinical Case 154
Sympathetic Nervous System 157
Parasympathetic Nervous System 164
Enteric Nervous System 167
Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System 168
Pelvic Autonomic Functions 169
Clinical Considerations 171
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Autonomic Nervous System 172
Follow-up to Clinical Case 172
Questions to Ponder 172
Chapter 11 Spinal Reflexes 173
Clinical Case 173
Components of Reflexes 173
Lower Motor Neurons 174
Skeletal Muscle Innervation 175
Skeletal Muscle Receptors 176
Muscle Stretch Reflex 176
Reciprocal Inhibition 177
Autogenic Inhibition (Inverse Myotatic Reflex) 178
Flexor Reflex (Withdrawal Reflex, Nociceptive Reflex) 178
Crossed Extension Reflex 179
Maintenance of Muscle tone Via the Gamma Loop 180
Alpha-Gamma Coactivation 180
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Reflexes 182
Follow-up to Clinical Case 182
Questions to Ponder 182
Part II Integrative Components of the Nervous System 183
Chapter 12 Ascending Sensory Pathways 185
Clinical Case 185
Sensory Receptors 187
Anterolateral System 197
Tactile Sensation and Proprioception 207
Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 214
Clinical Considerations 218
Modulation of Nociception 226
Neuroplasticity 229
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Ascending Sensory Pathways 229
Follow-up to Clinical Case 230
Questions to Ponder 230
Chapter 13 Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 231
Clinical Case 231
Cortical Areas Controlling Motor Activity 232
Descending Motor Pathways 235
Clinical Considerations 249
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 253
Follow-up to Clinical Case 254
Questions to Ponder 254
Chapter 14 Basal Nuclei 255
Clinical Case 255
Components of the Basal Nuclei 256
Nuclei Associated with the Basal Nuclei 260
Input, Intrinsic, and Output Nuclei of the Basal Nuclei 261
Connections of the Basal Nuclei 263
Circuits Connecting the Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex 270
Other Circuits of the Basal Nuclei 273
Neurotransmitters of the Basal Nuclei 274
"Direct," "Indirect," and "Hyperdirect" Loops (Pathways) of the Basal Nuclei 275
Circuits that Modulate Activity of the Basal Nuclei 277
Clinical Considerations 278
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Basal Nuclei 283
Follow-up to Clinical Case 284
Questions to Ponder 284
Chapter 15 Cerebellum 285
Clinical Case 285
Morphology of the Cerebellum 287
Cerebellar Peduncles 296
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 298
Afferents (Input) to the Cerebellum 301
Efferents (Output) from the Cerebellum 304
Functional Organization of the Cerebellum: Intrinsic Circuitry 305
Clinical Considerations 307
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebellum 309
Follow-up to Clinical Case 309
Questions to Ponder 309
Chapter 16 Reticular Formation 310
Clinical Case 310
Morphology of the Reticular Formation 311
Zones of the Reticular Formation 312
Nuclei Associated with the Reticular Formation 314
Input to and Output from the Reticular Formation 314
Functions of the Reticular Formation 315
Clinical Considerations 321
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Reticular Formation 322
Follow-up to Clinical Case 322
Questions to Ponder 322
Chapter 17 Cranial Nerves 323
Clinical Case 323
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 329
Optic Nerve (CN II) 329
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 329
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 331
Clinical Considerations 331
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 334
Clinical Considerations 340
Abducens Nerve (CN VI) 341
Clinical Considerations 342
Facial Nerve (CN VII) 346
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 348
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 349
Clinical Considerations 349
Clinical Considerations 353
Vagus Nerve (CN X) 353
Clinical Considerations 354
Accessory Nerve (CN XI) 354
Clinical Considerations 357
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 357
Clinical Considerations 358
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cranial Nerves 359
Follow-up to Clinical Case 360
Questions to Ponder 360
Chapter 18 Visual System 361
Clinical Case 361
Eyeball 361
Central Visual Pathways 367
Visual Reflexes 377
Clinical Considerations 384
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Visual System 387
Follow-up to Clinical Case 387
Questions to Ponder 387
Chapter 19 Auditory System 388
Clinical Case 388
Ear 389
Auditory Transmission 393
Central Auditory Pathways 394
Clinical Considerations 403
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Auditory System 404
Follow-up to Clinical Case 404
Questions to Ponder 404
Chapter 20 Vestibular System 405
Clinical Case 405
Vestibular Apparatus 406
Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII) 411
Central Pathways of the Vestibular System 413
Control of Ocular Movements 417
Vestibular Nystagmus 421
Caloric Nystagmus 421
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vestibular System 423
Follow-up to Clinical Case 423
Questions to Ponder 423
Chapter 21 Olfactory System 424
Clinical Case 424
Olfactory Receptor Neurons 425
Olfactory Transduction 427
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 428
Central Connections of the Olfactory System 429
Blood Supply and Drainage 431
Clinical Considerations 432
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Olfactory System 433
Follow-up to Clinical Case 433
Questions to Ponder 433
Chapter 22 Limbic System 434
Clinical Case 434
Limbic Lobe 435
Brainstem Centers Associated with Limbic System Function 446
Pathways of the Limbic System 446
Limbic Association Cortex 449
Limbic System Input to the Endocrine, Autonomic, and Somatic Motor Systems 449
Clinical Considerations 450
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Limbic System 451
Follow-up to Clinical Case 451
Questions to Ponder 452
Chapter 23 Hypothalamus 453
Clinical Case 453
Borders 454
Hypothalamic Zones and Component Nuclei 455
Hypothalamic Regions (Areas) and Component Nuclei 457
Connections of the Hypothalamus 462
Pathways of the Hypothalamus 463
Functions of the Hypothalamus 466
Hypothalamohypophyseal Connections 469
Clinical Considerations 475
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Hypothalamus 477
Follow-up to Clinical Case 478
Questions to Ponder 478
Chapter 24 Thalamus 480
Clinical Case 480
Borders 480
Anatomy 482
Internal and External Medullary Laminae 483
Thalamic Nuclei 484
Clinical Considerations 491
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Thalamus 492
Follow-up to Clinical Case 492
Questions to Ponder 493
Chapter 25 Cerebral Cortex 494
Clinical Case 494
Cells of the Cerebral Cortex 496
Types of Cortex 498
Cell Layers of the Neocortex 499
Vertical Columnar Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 500
Afferents (Input) to the Cerebral Cortex 500
Efferents (Output) from the Cerebral Cortex 501
Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata 504
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 504
Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 505
Cerebral Dominance 512
Clinical Considerations 515
Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebral Cortex 519
Follow-up to Clinical Case 520
Questions to Ponder 521
Chapter 26 Evolution of the Human Brain 522
Evolutionary Biology Fundamentals 522
Early Hominins 522
Non-Human Primates 522
Modern Human Brains 523
Prenatal and Postnatal Development 523
Questions to ponder: answers to odd questions 524
Questions to ponder: answers to even questions 533
Answers to clinical case margin questions 541
Index 545
