List of contributors xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
About the companion website xxiii
Chapter 1 Learning the language: terminology 1
Ian Peate and Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming
Introduction 2
Anatomy and physiology 2
Physiology 7
Terminology 9
Pathophysiology 13
Conclusion 20
Multiple-choice questions 21
Post-test questions 21
References 22
Further reading 22
Chapter 2 Scientific principles 23
Barry Hill
Introduction 24
Levels of organisation 24
Characteristics of life 24
Bodily requirements 25
Atoms 26
Conclusion 35
Multiple-choice questions 36
Post-test questions 37
Glossary 37
References 38
Chapter 3 The cell 39
Barry Hill
Introduction 40
Characteristics of the cell 40
The structure of the cell 42
Organelles 48
Fluids and the body 52
Electrolytes 55
Conclusion 57
Multiple-choice questions 57
Post-test questions 58
Glossary 58
References 59
Chapter 4 Homeostasis 61
Mary Brady
Introduction 62
Regulation of homeostasis 62
Feedback mechanisms 62
Homeostatic mechanisms 62
Energy production 64
Systematic approach to homeostasis 65
Conclusion 74
Multiple-choice questions 75
Post-test questions 75
Glossary 76
References 78
Chapter 5 Genetics 79
Ray Bywater
Introduction 79
Genes 80
From DNA to proteins 84
The transference of genes 87
Mendelian genetics 91
Conclusion 97
Multiple-choice questions 98
Post- test questions 99
Conditions 99
Glossary 99
References 102
Further reading 102
Chapter 6 Tissues 103
Louise McLaughlin
Introduction 103
Types of tissues 105
Children and tissue development 114
Conclusion 116
Multiple-choice questions 116
Post-test questions 117
Conditions 117
Glossary 117
References 118
Further reading 118
Useful website 118
Chapter 7 The immune system 119
Alison Mosenthal
Introduction 119
Blood cell development 120
The organs and tissues of the immune system 120
Types of immunity 125
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) 131
Conclusion 135
Multiple-choice questions 136
Post-test questions 137
Conditions 137
Glossary 138
References 138
Further reading 139
Chapter 8 Blood 141
Sarah Brazel- Terris
Introduction 141
Composition of blood 143
Functions of blood 144
Constituents of blood 145
Haemoglobin and oxygen transport 147
Bleeding and platelets 150
Blood groups and blood transfusion 152
Conclusion 157
Multiple-choice questions 158
Post-test questions 159
Conditions 159
Glossary 160
References 160
Further reading 160
Chapter 9 The cardiac system 161
Sheila Roberts
Introduction 161
Fetal circulation 162
Changes at birth 162
Electrocardiogram 169
The cardiac cycle 169
Factors affecting the heart rate 172
Conclusion 173
Multiple-choice questions 174
Post-test questions 174
Conditions 175
Glossary 175
References 175
Further reading 176
Chapter 10 The respiratory system 177
Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming
Introduction 178
Airway 179
Lungs 183
Conclusion 188
Multiple-choice questions 189
Post- test questions 189
Conditions 190
Glossary 190
References 190
Further reading 191
Chapter 11 The endocrine system 193
Julia Petty
Introduction 194
Physiology of the endocrine system 195
Anatomy of the endocrine system 197
Conclusion 211
Multiple-choice questions 211
Post-test questions 212
Conditions 212
Glossary 213
References 214
Further reading 216
Chapter 12 The digestive system and nutrition 217
Joanne Outteridge
Introduction 218
Nutritional requirements for healthy growth and development 219
Carbohydrates 219
Fats 220
Proteins 220
Vitamins and Minerals 220
Fibre 222
Infant nutrition 223
Early childhood nutrition 224
The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system 225
Conclusion 235
Multiple-choice questions 235
Post-test questions 236
Conditions 236
Glossary 236
References 237
Chapter 13 The renal system 239
Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming
Introduction 240
Renal system 240
Kidney 241
Functions of the kidney 246
Blood supply to the kidneys 246
Formation of urine 247
Composition of urine 249
Ureters 251
Bladder 251
Urethra 253
Function of the bladder and micturition 254
Conclusion 254
Multiple-choice questions 255
Post- test questions 256
Conditions 256
Glossary 256
References 257
Further reading 258
Chapter 14 The reproductive systems 259
Michele O'Grady
Introduction 260
Fetal embryology: sexual differentiation 260
The male reproductive system 260
Female reproductive system 268
Conclusion 279
Multiple-choice questions 280
Post-test questions 281
Conditions 281
Glossary 282
References 282
Further reading 283
Chapter 15 The nervous system 285
Petra Brown
Introduction 286
Organisation of the nervous system 286
Cellular structure of the nervous system 286
Transmission of nerve impulses 289
Fetal development 291
Childhood development 292
Central nervous system 293
Conclusion 307
Multiple-choice questions 307
Post-test questions 308
Conditions 308
Glossary 309
References 309
Further reading 310
Chapter 16 The muscular system 311
Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming
Introduction 312
Muscle development in early life 312
Types of muscle tissue 312
Functions of muscular system 314
Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle 315
The micro-anatomy of the muscle 316
Types of muscle fibres 318
Skeletal muscle relaxation and contraction 319
Contraction 319
Energy requirements for muscle contraction 320
Organisation of skeletal muscle 321
Conclusion 340
Multiple-choice questions 341
Post-test questions 341
Conditions 342
Glossary 342
References 342
Further reading 343
Chapter 17 The skeletal system 345
Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming
Introduction 345
Axial skeleton 346
Appendicular skeleton 346
The function of the skeleton 346
Bone structure and growth 348
Bone healing 353
Bone classification 355
Joints 357
Conclusion 361
Multiple-choice questions 361
Post-test questions 362
Conditions 362
Glossary 362
References 364
Further reading 365
Chapter 18 The senses 367
Joanne Outteridge
Introduction 368
The sense of smell (olfaction) 368
The sense of taste (gustation) 369
The ear 371
The sense of equilibrium 373
The sense of sight 375
Conclusion 380
Multiple-choice questions 380
Post-test questions 381
Conditions 381
Glossary 382
References 382
Future readings 383
Chapter 19 The skin 385
Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming
Introduction 386
The structure of skin 386
Functions of the skin 395
Conclusion 399
Multiple-choice questions 400
Post- test questions 400
Conditions 400
Glossary 401
References 402
Further reading 403
Chapter 20 Growing up healthy 405
Lisa Whiting and Mary L. Donnelly
Introduction 406
Having the best start in life 406
Health and well-being of children and young people 407
Current influences on children and young people's health 408
The child and young person's voice 409
Promoting the health of children and young people 410
Using genomics to enhance health and well- being 412
Conclusion 413
Multiple-choice questions 413
Post-test questions 414
Glossary 414
References 414
Further reading 417
Answers to multiple-choice questions 419
Index 421
