List of Contributors xix
Preface xxv
1 Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 1
Soulaima Chkirida and Rachid Bouhfid
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview of Natural Fibers 2
1.3 Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites 10
1.4 Application of Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 11
1.5 Sustainability Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment 18
1.6 Research Gaps and Areas for Improvement 19
1.7 Conclusion 21
2 Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Biopolymer Material for Application in Wastewater Treatment via Adsorption 27
Zeynep Cigeroglu, Noureddine El Messaoudi, Youssef Miyah, Zeynep Mine Senol, Yaser Acikbas, Abdelaziz El Mouden, and Abdellah Lacherai
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Synthesis of Chitosan Biopolymer 30
2.3 Characterization and Mechanical Proprieties of Chitosan Biopolymer 37
2.4 Wastewater Treatment Application via Adsorption 42
2.5 Conclusion 52
3 Cellulose Nanomaterials: From Extraction to Wastewater Remediation 67
Nusrat Zahan Ramesha, Abdullah Al Jobair, and Md Enamul Hoque
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Cellulose Nanomaterials 68
3.3 Extraction of Cellulose Nanomaterials 73
3.4 Properties of Cellulose Nanomaterials 82
3.5 Cellulose Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation 84
3.6 Challenges and Opportunities Associated with CN 99
3.7 Environmental Impacts 100
3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101
4 Biochar-Based Biocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 121
Aziz Ihammi, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment 122
4.3 Biochar: Definition and Properties 123
4.4 Methods of Biochar Production 124
4.5 Biochar Biocomposites Application in Wastewater Treatment 129
4.6 Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater by Biochar-Based Biocomposites 132
4.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption Performance of Biochar Biocomposites 137
4.8 Challenges and Limitations 139
4.9 Conclusion 140
5 Lignin Valorization as Biopolymer in Wastewater Treatment 151
Brener Felipe Melo Lima Gomes, André Luís Rossoni Ferreira, and Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Lignin Structure and Characteristics 152
5.3 Lignin-Based Materials for Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater 154
5.4 Technology Readiness Level and Techno-Economic Implications of Producing Activated Carbon from Lignin 163
5.5 Research Opportunities and Future Perspectives 165
6 Alginate-TiO2 Composite: Formulation and Optimization for Wastewater Treatment 173
Sadia Khalid, Anca Mazare, and Amara Nasir
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Alginate-Based Nano-Biosorbents (ANBs) 177
6.3 Alginate-TiO2 Composites (ATCs): Design and Application 180
6.4 Limitations and Stability Concerns of ATCs 188
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 189
7 Cellulose Nanocrystalline Biocomposites Applications in Wastewater Treatment 199
Sadia Khalid, Asiya Gul, and Tania Ali
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Nanocellulose 200
7.3 Wastewater Treatment by Nanocellulose Biocomposites 209
7.4 Challenges and Limitations 218
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219
8 Graphene Bionanocomposites: Preparation and Applications in Wastewater Remediation 231
P. K. Praseetha, R. Shalini, K. Ravichandran, M. Varshini, A. Viji, and A. R. Umayal Sundari
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Preparation Methods 235
8.3 Graphene Bionanocomposites Applications in Wastewater Treatment 247
9 Lignocellulosic Biocomposite Adsorbents for Removal of Pollutants from Urban Waste 255
Fanqing Meng, Yinglong Wang, Hongwei Xu, Xiaxia Chen, Chao Liu, Ranran Wei, Xiaoying Zhang, and Xuewen Wei
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Application and Mechanism Study of Composite Materials in Wastewater Treatment 260
9.3 Conclusion 283
10 Magnetic Biocomposites for Wastewater Remediation 287
Feihu Li and Mengyu Ma
10.1 Introduction 287
10.2 Magnetic Biocomposite: Synthesis Strategy and Characterization Methodology 288
10.3 Approaches to Evaluate the Performance of Magnetic Biocomposites 294
10.4 Applications in Wastewater Remediation 298
10.5 Conclusions 308
11 Alginate Biocomposite Materials: Development and Application in Wastewater Treatment 319
Congfei Yao, Junkai Zhang, Yilei Ding, and Chunguang Chen
11.1 Introduction 319
11.2 Modification and Preparation of Alginate Biocomposites 322
11.3 Application of Alginate Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 326
11.4 Conclusion and Prospects 340
12 Chitosan/Clay Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal 351
Ismaila Olalekan Saheed and Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
12.1 Introduction 351
12.2 Chitosan/Clay Membrane 364
12.3 Application of Chitosan/Clay Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal 368
12.4 Conclusion 369
13 Cellulose-Based Composite Membranes for Pollutants Elimination 379
Abdelhay El Amri, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid
13.1 Introduction 379
13.2 Cellulose: Structure and Surface Chemistry 380
13.3 Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) and Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) 382
13.4 Chemical Surface Modifications of Nanocellulose 384
13.5 The Use of Nanocellulose as a Membrane Material 390
13.6 Potential of Nanocellulose-Based Membranes in Large-Scale Water Treatment 400
13.7 Challenges and Prospects for Nanocellulose-Based Membrane 402
13.8 Conclusion and Outlook 404
14 Alginate Nanocomposite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 411
Vandana Patyal, Prashant Mahajan, and Dipika Jaspal
14.1 Introduction of Alginate 411
14.2 Synthesis of Alginate Membranes 413
14.3 Wastewater Treatment 414
14.4 Conclusion 426
15 Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes for Microbial Wastewater Remediation 433
Laila Noureen, Nadeem Muhammad, Noureddine El Messaoudi, Bushra Iqbal, and Muhammad Tayyab
15.1 Introduction 433
15.2 Types of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 436
15.3 Factors Effecting Efficiency of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 439
15.4 Applications of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 442
15.5 Conclusion and Outlook 446
16 Nanocellulose Biocomposite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 453
Subhrata Dutta, Sathish Kumar Palaniappan, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, and Suchart Siengchin
16.1 Introduction 453
16.2 Characteristics and Classification of Nanocellulose 454
16.3 Membrane Fabrication Techniques 457
16.4 Applications in Wastewater Treatment 459
16.5 Environmental Impact 462
16.6 Conclusions 463
17 Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Biocomposite Materials 469
Abdeladim Oulguidoum, Rachid Bouhfid, and Nadia Zari
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 Global Water Crisis and Wastewater Management 470
17.3 Biocomposite Materials in the Management of Wastewater 478
17.4 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Recommendations 491
18 Biocomposites for Wastewater Remediation: Present Trends and Challenges for the Future 501
Kenza Bahsaine, Hanane Benzeid, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid
18.1 Introduction 501
18.2 Fundamentals of Biocomposites 502
18.3 Application of Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 519
18.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 535
References 538
Index 553
