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Produktbild: Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy Integrating Basic and Clinical Knowledge

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.07.2025

Herausgeber

Ahmed S. BaHammam + weitere

Verlag

Elsevier Science & Technology

Seitenzahl

684

Maße (L/B/H)

22.6/18.8/3.6 cm

Gewicht

1410 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-443-30004-2

Beschreibung

Portrait

Ahmed S. BaHammam is a tenured Professor of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has published over 450 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters, and authored or edited seven books in the fields of sleep medicine and respiratory disorders. Professor BaHammam is editor-in-chief of Nature and Science of Sleep and serves on the editorial board of several sleep medicine journals. He is the President-Elect of the Asian Society of Sleep Medicine. His research spans topics such as narcolepsy, hypersomnia, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and the effects of intermittent fasting and mealtime on sleep and circadian rhythms. With more than three decades of dedicated experience in sleep medicine, Professor BaHammam has made lasting contributions to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of narcolepsy and other central hypersomnolence disorders. He is has received the King Saud University Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to sleep medicine research. Professor BaHammam also holds leadership roles as Executive Director of Academic Affairs at King Saud University Medical City and Director of both the Prince Naif Health Research Center and the University Sleep Research Center

Dr. Amir Sharafkhaneh is a Professor of Medicine (tenured) at Baylor College of Medicine and a leading authority in sleep medicine. He completed his medical degree at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, followed by an internal medicine residency at Long Island College Hospital and a fellowship in Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, where he also earned a PhD in medical research. With over 25 years of clinical and academic experience, Dr. Sharafkhaneh has authored numerous peer-reviewed publications and book chapters in the fields of pulmonary and sleep medicine. He founded the first accredited sleep medicine fellowship program in Texas and has since trained more than 100 sleep specialists. His work has been supported by multiple federal grants, including initiatives to develop telemedicine programs that expand access to sleep care in underserved areas. Dr. Sharafkhaneh currently co- chairs the VA clinical practice guideline committees for obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, asthma, and COPD. His research team applies artificial intelligence and advanced data analytics to large-scale electronic health record data to advance the understanding and treatment of sleep and respiratory disorders. He also co-leads .the AI Interest Group of the World Sleep Society

S.R. Pandi-Perumal, MSc., is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Somnogen Canada Inc., a Canadian corporation. Pandi is popular among the sleep community. He is a world- acclaimed sleep researcher and has authored over 300 publications and has edited over 25 high-profile academic volumes dealing with various sleep-related topics. His name is also on the list of the top 2% of scientists in the world, compiled by Stanford University, Elsevier, and SciTech Strategies. Drawn to the benefits and significance of the sleep cycle, his personal and professional careers have been involved in advocating/achieving a good night’s slumber. Further details about the editor can be viewed at https:// pandi-perumal.blogspot.com; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=MO90ZXkAAAAJ

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.07.2025

Herausgeber

Verlag

Elsevier Science & Technology

Seitenzahl

684

Maße (L/B/H)

22.6/18.8/3.6 cm

Gewicht

1410 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-443-30004-2

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Elsevier Science & Technology
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  • Produktbild: Narcolepsy
  • List of contributors
    About the editors
    Foreword
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Part I Pathophysiology and neurobiology

    CHAPTER 1: Understanding sleep in narcolepsy: sleep physiology, neurobiology, and cognitive impairment mechanisms
    Syed Shahid Habib

    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Sleep physiology
    1.3 Normal sleep architecture
    1.4 Sleep stages and their transitions
    1.4.1 N1 (Stage 1) sleep
    1.4.2 N2 (Stage 2) sleep
    1.4.3 N3 (Stage 3) deepest nonrapid eye movement or slow-wave sleep
    1.5 Rapid eye movement sleep
    1.6 Comparing sleep patterns of normal individuals with patients with narcolepsy
    1.7 Brain networks regulating sleep and wakefulness
    1.7.1 The concept of "flip-flop" switch
    1.7.2 Sleep paralysis and cataplexy
    1.8 Brain neurotransmitters in normal sleep and narcolepsy
    1.8.1 Memory impairment and cognitive deficits in individuals with narcolepsy
    1.9 Impact of narcolepsy on cognitive function
    1.10 Conclusion
    References

    CHAPTER 2: Pathophysiology of narcolepsy: genetics and immune system
    Shahrad Taheri

    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Human leukocyte antigen genes and narcolepsy
    2.3 Narcolepsy and nonhuman leukocyte antigen immune genes
    2.4 Narcolepsy and environmental factors
    2.5 Narcolepsy and humoral immunity
    2.6 Summary
    References

    CHAPTER 3: Neurotransmitters, genetics, and animal models in narcolepsy: a comprehensive overview
    Nada F. AlAhmady and Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi

    3.1 The role of neurotransmitters in narcolepsy: a focus on hypocretin/orexin signaling pathways
    3.2 The role of immunological and hormonal pathways in narcolepsy
    3.2.1 The immune basis of narcolepsy
    3.3 Genetic underpinnings of narcolepsy
    3.4 The role of animal models in understanding narcolepsy
    3.5 Common animal models in narcolepsy research
    3.5.1 Canine narcolepsy
    3.5.2 Rodent narcolepsy
    3.5.3 Transgenic models
    3.5.4 Zebrafish narcolepsy
    3.6 Implications for treatment and future directions
    References

    CHAPTER 4: The gut-brain axis in narcolepsy: emerging research on microbiota, diet, and sleep
    Fulong Xiao

    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 The gut microbiota and sleep disorders
    4.3 Trends in research about gut microbiota and narcolepsy
    4.4 Conclusion
    References

    Part II Clinical aspects

    CHAPTER 5: Types of narcolepsy and their symptoms: differential diagnosis and misdiagnosis
    Renata Riha

    5.1 Types of narcolepsies
    5.1.1 Type 1 narcolepsy
    5.1.2 Type 2 narcolepsy
    5.2 Controversies in the diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 narcolepsy
    5.3 Phenotyping narcolepsy
    5.4 Conclusion
    References

    CHAPTER 6: Delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy: causes and implications
    Abdul Rouf Pirzada and Ahmed S. BaHammam

    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Epidemiological insights into diagnostic delays in narcolepsy
    6.2.1 Global perspective on diagnostic delay
    6.2.2 Improvement in diagnostic delay in recent data
    6.2.3 Access to healthcare services and diagnostic delay
    6.3 Potential predictors of delayed diagnosis
    6.3.1 Age
    6.3.2 Cataplexy
    6.3.3 Gender
    6.4 Symptoms overlap with other disorders and prior misdiagnoses of patients with narcolepsy
    6.4.1 Diagnostic delays and misdiagnosis trends
    6.4.2 Comparative studies and misdiagnosis rates
    6.4.3 Comorbidity and symptom complexity
    6.4.4 Sleep disorders and narcolepsy overlap
    6.4.5 Diagnostic challenges in pediatric narcolepsy
    6.4.6 Logistical and diagnostic limitations
    6.5 Diagnostic delay and clinical implications
    6.5.1 Clinical and personal consequences of delayed diagnosis
    6.5.2 Educational challenges
    6.5.3 Economic and societal impacts
    6.6 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 7: Diagnostic tools for narcolepsy: sleep studies, multiple sleep latency test, and more
    Ahmed S. BaHammam

    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Overview of American Academy of Sleep Medicine diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy
    7.2.1 Narcolepsy type 1
    7.2.2 Narcolepsy type 2
    7.2.3 Updates in the 2024 pediatric guidelines include
    7.3 Emerging roles of CSF hypocretin-1 measurement in narcolepsy diagnosis
    7.4 Polysomnography
    7.4.1 Role of polysomnography in narcolepsy diagnosis
    7.4.2 Typical polysomnography findings in narcolepsy
    7.4.3 Specific rapid eye movement sleep changes in narcolepsy
    7.4.4 Limitations of polysomnography alone for diagnosis
    7.5 Multiple sleep latency test
    7.5.1 Purpose and procedure of multiple sleep latency test
    7.5.2 Diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy based on multiple sleep latency test results
    7.5.3 Pediatric considerations
    7.5.4 Preparation for the multiple sleep latency test
    7.5.5 Factors affecting multiple sleep latency test reliability
    7.6 Daytime continuous polysomnography
    7.7 Actigraphy
    7.7.1 Limitations of actigraphy for narcolepsy diagnosis
    7.8 Screening scales for narcolepsy
    7.8.1 Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale
    7.8.2 Swiss Narcolepsy Scale
    7.8.3 Epworth Sleepiness Scale
    7.8.4 Narcolepsy Severity Scale
    7.8.5 The Pediatric Hypersomnolence Survey
    7.8.6 Challenges and opportunities in the use of Narcolepsy Screening Scales
    7.9 Emerging technologies and artificial intelligence
    7.9.1 Wearables
    7.9.2 Pupillometry as a potential biomarker for sleepiness
    7.9.3 Home sleep testing for narcolepsy diagnosis: current limitations
    7.9.4 Machine learning in narcolepsy diagnosis
    7.9.5 Utilizing AI in phenotyping narcolepsy and hypersomnolence disorders
    7.10 Diagnostic approach
    7.11 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 8: Narcolepsy in children and adolescents: diagnosis, management, and challenges
    Binal Kancherla, Sonal Malhotra, Marlene Typaldos, Aleena Wasim, and Yousaf Khan

    8.1 Medical history
    8.2 Physical exam
    8.3 Diagnostic testing
    8.3.1 Sleep diary and actigraphy
    8.3.2 Overnight polysomnography
    8.3.3 Multiple sleep latency test
    8.4 Laboratory testing and imaging
    8.4.1 Hypocretin testing
    8.4.2 HLA typing
    8.4.3 Neuroimaging
    8.5 Psychological, psychiatric, and social aspects
    8.6 Differential diagnosis
    8.7 Management
    8.7.1 Education
    8.7.2 Behavioral modification
    8.7.3 Pharmacological
    8.7.4 Medications for excessive daytime sleepiness
    8.7.5 Medications for cataplexy
    8.7.6 Other medications
    8.8 Summary of management

    Chapter 9: Narcolepsy and pregnancy: risks and strategies for management
    Rosa Peraita-Adrados

    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Narcolepsy in women
    9.3 Sleep disorders in pregnancy
    9.4 Narcolepsy in pregnancy
    9.5 Medication management during pregnancy for narcolepsy patients
    References

    Chapter 10: Aging with narcolepsy: understanding the unique challenges for older adults
    Natalie Cornay Manalo and Hrayr Attarian

    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Narcolepsy onset after age 35
    10.2.1 Case 1 (late onset)
    10.3 Delayed diagnosis
    10.3.1 Case 2 (delayed diagnosis)
    10.4 Symptomatic narcolepsy
    10.4.1 Case 3 (symptomatic narcolepsy)
    10.5 Implications of narcolepsy in older adults and therapeutic challenges
    10.5.1 Case 4 (management dilemma with age)
    10.6 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 11: Medical comorbidities of narcolepsy
    Nikita Jambulingam, Nathaniel Yuan, and Alon Y. Avidan

    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Neurological comorbidities
    11.2.1 Migraines
    11.2.2 Restless leg syndrome
    11.2.3 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
    11.3 Cardiovascular comorbidities
    11.3.1 Cardiovascular events and stroke
    11.3.2 Hypertension
    11.4 Metabolic comorbidities
    11.4.1 Obesity
    11.4.2 Type 2 diabetes
    11.4.3 Dyslipidemia
    11.5 Autoimmune disease comorbidities
    11.5.1 Autoimmune disease and human leukocyte antigen
    11.5.2 Type 1 diabetes
    11.5.3 Celiac disease
    11.5.4 Rheumatoid arthritis
    11.5.5 System lupus erythematosus
    11.5.6 Sjögren’s syndrome
    11.6 Narcolepsy and comorbidities: management perspectives
    11.6.1 Comorbid neurological treatment considerations
    11.6.2 Comorbid cardiovascular treatment considerations
    11.6.3 Comorbid metabolic treatment considerations
    11.6.4 Comorbid autoimmune disease treatment considerations
    11.7 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 12: Cardiovascular disease risk and comorbidities in narcolepsy
    Ahmed S. BaHammam

    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Epidemiological evidence of increased cardiovascular disease risk
    12.3 Potential mechanisms linking narcolepsy and cardiovascular disease risk
    12.3.1 Sleep disruption and autonomic dysfunction
    12.3.2 The role of hypocretin
    12.3.3 Metabolic dysfunction
    12.3.4 Comorbid sleep disorders
    12.3.5 Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction
    12.4 Cardiovascular risk assessment and management in narcolepsy
    12.4.1 Regular cardiovascular risk screening
    12.4.2 Lifestyle modification
    12.4.3 Management of comorbidities
    12.4.4 Consideration of cardiovascular effects of narcolepsy medications
    12.4.5 Sodium intake and cardiovascular risk in narcolepsy
    12.5 Future research directions
    12.6 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 13: More than just narcolepsy: the importance of recognizing concurrent sleep disorders
    Antara Mallampalli, MD

    13.1 Introduction: comorbid sleep disorders in narcolepsy patients
    13.2 Prevalence of comorbid sleep disorders in narcolepsy patients: an overview
    13.3 Sleep-related breathing disorders in narcolepsy patients
    13.3.1 Pathophysiology of sleep-related breathing disorders in narcolepsy
    13.3.2 Clinical impact of sleep-related breathing disorders in narcolepsy
    13.3.3 Summary
    13.4 Insomnia in narcolepsy patients
    13.5 Restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in narcolepsy patients
    13.5.1 Pathophysiology of periodic limb movements of sleep and restless leg syndrome in narcolepsy
    13.5.2 Clinical impact of restless leg syndrome in narcolepsy
    13.6 REM sleep behavior disorder and other parasomnias in narcolepsy patients
    13.6.1 Clinical impact of REM sleep behavior disorder in narcolepsy
    13.7 Conclusion and future research directions
    References

    Chapter 14: Narcolepsy and circadian rhythm disorders: diagnosis and management
    Sona Nevsimalova

    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Circadian and ultradian rhythms in narcolepsy
    14.3 Hypocretin and circadian system
    14.4 Circadian aspects of clinical manifestation in narcolepsy
    14.5 Circadian rhythm disorders and narcolepsy
    14.6 Recommendations for therapy, management, and future perspectives
    References

    Chapter 15: The hidden link between narcolepsy and autonomic dysfunction: a closer look
    Fang Han

    15.1 The orexin system and narcolepsy
    15.2 Orexins in autonomic regulation
    15.3 Role of orexins in cardiovascular regulation
    15.4 Narcolepsy and autonomic dysfunction
    15.5 Cardiovascular dysfunction in narcolepsy
    15.6 Nondipper profile in narcolepsy with cataplexy
    15.7 Treatment of narcolepsy on cardiovascular effects
    References

    Chapter 16: Narcolepsy and metabolic rate: what do we know?
    Hamza O. Dhafar and Ahmed S. BaHammam

    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Prevalence of obesity in patients with narcolepsy
    16.3 Changes in metabolic rate in patients with narcolepsy
    16.4 Exploring the possible underlying mechanisms of weight gain in narcolepsy
    16.4.1 The role of orexin in metabolism
    16.4.2 Orexin and eating behavior
    16.4.3 Physical activity
    16.4.4 Genetic factors
    16.4.5 The role of leptin and ghrelin hormones
    16.4.6 Metabolomics
    16.4.7 The role of medications used for narcolepsy
    16.5 Conclusions and future directions
    References

    Chapter 17: Narcolepsy and driving: safety issues and regulations
    Tha A. Saw and Catherine A. McCall

    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 Narcolepsy and drowsy driving
    17.3 Evaluating drowsy driving risk with narcolepsy
    17.4 Legal and regulatory issues
    17.5 Risk mitigation
    17.5.1 Pharmacologic interventions
    17.5.2 Nonpharmacologic interventions
    17.5.3 Patient resources
    17.6 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 18: The natural history of narcolepsy: lessons from longitudinal studies
    Salman A. Bahammam and Ahmed S. BaHammam

    18.1 Introduction
    18.2 Importance of understanding the natural history and time course of narcolepsy
    18.2.1 Predicting disease progression
    18.2.2 Identifying comorbidities
    18.2.3 Developing targeted therapies and precision medicine
    18.2.4 Enhancing patient education and support
    18.3 Longitudinal studies on narcolepsy
    18.3.1 Age of onset and gender differences
    18.3.2 Progression of symptoms and clinical findings over time
    18.3.3 Changes in sleep architecture over time based on sleep study findings
    18.3.4 Longitudinal changes in orexin levels
    18.3.5 Impact of narcolepsy on quality of life
    18.3.6 Long-term data on safety and efficacy of narcolepsy medications
    18.4 Developing targeted therapies based on natural course
    18.5 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 19: Neuroimaging in narcolepsy: advances in understanding pathophysiology and diagnosis
    Kyung Min Kim, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, and Seung Bong Hong

    19.1 Introduction
    19.2 Voxel-based morphometry, volumetry, cortical thickness studies on narcolepsy
    19.3 Diffusion tensor imaging and narcolepsy
    19.4 Functional magnetic resonance imaging research on narcolepsy
    19.5 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on narcolepsy
    19.6 Single photon emission computed tomography and PET studies in narcolepsy
    19.7 Future directions
    References

    Chapter 20: The distinctive characteristics of REM sleep and dreams in narcolepsy
    Serena Scarpelli and Luigi De Gennaro

    20.1 Introduction
    20.2 Rapid eye movement sleep features in narcolepsy
    20.3 Dream activity in narcolepsy
    20.4 Neural bases of dream recall
    20.5 Lucid dreams, nightmares, and insights for treatment
    20.6 Conclusions
    References

    Part III: Behavioral and psychosocial considerations

    Chapter 21: The hidden burden of narcolepsy: anxiety and depression among patients
    Berit Hjelde Hansen

    21.1 Introduction
    21.2 Anxiety disorders
    21.3 Depressive disorders
    21.4 Widening the scope-a potential role of neurodevelopmental disorders
    21.5 Treatment
    21.6 Importance of screening for anxiety and depression in narcolepsy
    21.7 Summary
    References

    Chapter 22: Understanding psychosis and behavioral abnormalities in narcolepsy patients
    Cyril Hanin

    22.1 Introduction
    22.2 Clinical presentation of psychosis in narcolepsy
    22.2.1 Psychotic symptoms in narcolepsy
    22.2.2 Group 1: hallucinations in typical narcolepsy
    22.2.3 Group 2: narcolepsy with atypical psychotic-like symptoms
    22.2.4 Group 3: challenges in diagnosing narcolepsy in schizophrenia patients
    22.3 Impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and social behavior in narcolepsy
    22.3.1 Impulsivity in narcolepsy
    22.3.2 Emotional dysregulation
    22.3.3 Altered social behavior
    22.4 Pathophysiology: linking narcolepsy and psychosis
    22.4.1 REM-sleep intrusion and psychotic-like symptoms
    22.4.2 Autoimmune and genetic mechanisms
    22.4.3 Hypocretin system implications
    22.4.4 Early-onset narcolepsy and schizophrenia: neurodevelopmental implications
    22.4.5 Medication-induced psychosis in narcolepsy patients with or without comorbid psychotic disorder
    22.4.6 Classical psychostimulants: methylphenidate and amphetamines
    22.4.7 Modafinil and armodafinil
    22.4.8 Sodium oxybate (gamma hydroxybutyrate)
    22.4.9 Pitolisant and other emerging treatments
    22.5 Clinical algorithm and management strategies
    22.5.1 Initial assessment and categorization
    22.5.2 Assessing drug-induced psychosis
    22.6 Prognosis and long-term outcomes in narcolepsy patients with psychotic symptoms
    AI disclosure
    References

    Chapter 23: Narcolepsy and cognitive impairment: causes and management
    Meteb H. Alenazi

    23.1 Introduction
    23.2 Cognitive impairment in narcolepsy
    23.2.1 Attention
    23.2.2 Memory
    23.2.3 Executive functions and higher cognitive functions
    23.3 Clinical pictures of excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment
    23.3.1 Hypersomnolence related to major depressive disorder with atypical features
    23.4 Conclusion
    AI disclosure
    References

    Chapter 24: Narcolepsy and relationships: navigating intimacy, family, and social life
    Anne Marie Morse

    24.1 Introduction
    24.1.1 Early childhood and adolescence
    24.1.2 Adulthood
    24.2 Optimizing outcomes
    24.2.1 Conclusion
    References

    Chapter 25: Narcolepsy and advocacy: awareness, education, and community building
    Ahmed S. BaHammam

    25.1 Introduction
    25.2 The importance of narcolepsy advocacy
    25.3 Raising awareness about narcolepsy
    25.4 Educating the general public and healthcare providers about narcolepsy
    25.4.1 Providing resources
    25.4.2 Presentations and workshops
    25.4.3 Correcting common myths
    25.4.4 Importance of educating healthcare professionals
    25.5 Building community and support
    25.5.1 Connecting with other patients
    25.5.2 Providing encouragement and sharing coping strategies
    25.5.3 Advocating together for research and better treatments
    25.6 Empowering patients to advocate for themselves
    25.6.1 Gaining confidence to discuss narcolepsy
    25.6.2 Communicating needs and challenges effectively
    25.6.3 Partnering with healthcare providers
    25.6.4 Understanding rights and accommodations
    25.7 The impact of narcolepsy advocacy
    25.8 Conclusion
    References
    Further reading

    Chapter 26: The complexities of medico-legal assessment of disability in narcolepsy
    Francesca Ingravallo and Annamaria Govi

    26.1 The complexities of medico-legal assessment of disability in narcolepsy
    26.2 The impact of narcolepsy on work and other major life activities
    26.3 Aspects of functioning in people with narcolepsy identified by the International Classification of Functioning Core Set for Sleep Disorders
    26.4 The complexity of medical-legal assessment of disability in narcolepsy
    26.5 The role of sleep providers
    26.6 Conclusions
    References

    Part IV: Specific management

    Chapter 27: Current pharmacological treatments for narcolepsy
    Ritwick Agrawal

    27.1 Nonpharmacological interventions
    27.1.1 Addressing comorbid disorders
    27.1.2 Cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral approaches to excessive daytime sleepiness
    27.2 Pharmacological management
    27.2.1 Primary goals of pharmacological management
    27.2.2 Pretreatment considerations
    27.2.3 Excessive daytime sleepiness treatment
    27.2.4 Cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness management
    27.2.5 Other narcolepsy symptoms
    27.2.6 Adjustment of initial pharmacological intervention
    27.3 Special populations
    27.3.1 Children and young people
    27.3.2 Pregnancy and lactation
    27.4 Conclusion
    AI disclosure
    References

    Chapter 28: Exploring the potential of cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct to medication in narcolepsy management
    Sultan M. Alshahrani

    28.1 Introduction
    28.1.1 Cognitive behavioral therapy for narcolepsy
    28.1.2 Psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic interventions
    28.1.3 Education and psychoeducation
    28.1.4 Conclusion
    28.2 The psychosocial and psychosomatic aspects of narcolepsy
    28.2.1 Introduction
    28.2.2 Psychosocial aspects
    28.2.3 Psychosomatic aspects
    28.2.4 Summary
    28.3 How can psychotherapy help cases with narcolepsy
    28.3.1 Introduction
    28.3.2 Mechanism of psychotherapy for individuals with narcolepsy
    28.3.3 Summary
    28.4 Cognitive behavioral therapy for narcolepsy
    28.4.1 Introduction
    28.4.2 Psychological models for narcolepsy
    28.4.3 How does cognitive behavioral therapy work for narcolepsy
    28.4.4 Components of cognitive behavioral therapy for narcolepsy
    28.4.5 Techniques in cognitive behavioral therapy for narcolepsy patients
    28.5 Diet and physical activity as components of psychotherapy in narcolepsy
    28.5.1 Introduction
    28.5.2 Diet applications for narcolepsy
    28.5.3 Physical activity and exercise applications for narcolepsy
    28.6 Other psychotherapeutic interventions for narcolepsy
    28.6.1 Psychoanalysis for narcolepsy
    28.6.2 Mindfulness-based interventions for narcolepsy
    28.6.3 Supportive psychotherapy
    28.6.4 Psychoeducational therapy (psychoeducation)
    References

    Chapter 29: Emerging therapies for narcolepsy: immunotherapy, gene therapy, and beyond
    Todd J. Swick

    29.1 Genetics and immunology of narcolepsy
    29.2 Cell/gene therapy for narcolepsy
    29.3 Orexin agonists
    29.4 Conclusions
    References

    Chapter 30: Exploring the role of biomarkers and epigenetics in narcolepsy: implications for diagnosis and treatment
    Ahmed S. BaHammam and Amir Sharafkhaneh

    30.1 Introduction
    30.2 Current biomarkers for narcolepsy diagnosis
    30.2.1 Hypocretin-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid
    30.2.2 Genetic markers
    30.2.3 Epigenetic biomarkers
    30.2.4 Proteomic biomarkers
    30.2.5 Other potential biomarkers
    30.3 Epigenetic mechanisms in narcolepsy pathophysiology
    30.3.1 Epigenetic changes in narcolepsy (histone modifications, DNA methylation)
    30.3.2 Role of epigenetic alterations in narcolepsy development and progression
    30.3.3 Integration of epigenetic mechanisms in narcolepsy pathophysiology
    30.4 Epigenetic signatures as potential diagnostic markers
    30.4.1 DNA methylation as a diagnostic biomarker
    30.4.2 Potential for personalized medicine
    30.5 Epigenetics in developing novel narcolepsy treatments
    30.5.1 Epigenetic modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides
    30.5.2 Immunomodulatory approaches targeting epigenetic changes
    30.5.3 Personalized therapy based on epigenetic profiling
    30.6 Proteomics in narcolepsy pathogenesis
    30.7 Proteomics in narcolepsy diagnosis
    30.8 Proteomics in narcolepsy therapeutics
    30.9 Challenges and limitations
    30.10 Conclusions and future research directions
    References

    Chapter 31: Disease control in narcolepsy: use of telehealth and remote patient management technology
    Javad Razjouyan, Amir Sharafkhaneh, Antara Mallampalli, Max Hirshkowitz, and Sharam Moghtader

    31.1 Introduction
    31.2 Telehealth for diagnosis and management of narcolepsy
    31.2.1 Diagnosis of narcolepsy
    31.3 Management of narcolepsy
    31.3.1 Medication management
    31.3.2 Narcolepsy multidisciplinary teams
    31.3.3 Remote patient monitoring
    31.4 Application of telesleep for management of obstructive sleep apnea co-occurring with narcolepsy
    31.5 Application of telesleep for management of insomnia co-occurring with narcolepsy
    31.6 Application of telesleep for management of psychiatric conditions co-occurring with narcolepsy
    31.6.1 Technical aspects of telemedicine
    References

    Chapter 32: The future of narcolepsy treatment: what role will artificial intelligence play?
    Arash Maghsoudi, Amin Ramezani, Javad Razjouyan, and Amir Sharafkhaneh

    32.1 What is artificial intelligence?
    32.2 The role of artificial intelligence in narcolepsy research
    32.2.1 Artificial intelligence-driven analysis of narcolepsy: uncovering genetic markers
    32.2.2 Machine learning models for predicting narcolepsy progression
    32.3 Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of narcolepsy
    32.3.1 Enhancing diagnostic accuracy with artificial intelligence algorithms
    32.3.2 Personalized medicine: artificial intelligence in developing customized treatment plans
    32.4 Wearable technology and artificial intelligence monitoring
    32.4.1 Smart devices and wearables: tracking sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness
    32.4.2 Real-time monitoring and artificial intelligence: a new paradigm in narcolepsy management
    32.5 Artificial intelligence and patient support systems
    32.5.1 Chatbots and virtual assistants: providing round-the-clock support
    32.5.2 Artificial intelligence-driven platforms for patient education and community building
    32.6 Ethical considerations and future directions
    32.6.1 Navigating the ethical landscape of artificial intelligence in healthcare
    32.6.2 The future of artificial intelligence in narcolepsy treatment: innovations on the horizon
    32.7 Conclusion
    Funding
    References

    Chapter 33: Narcolepsy and chronic pain: implications and management
    Zheng Liu, Man Min Zhu, and Hao Huang

    33.1 Introduction
    33.2 Epidemiology
    33.3 Pathophysiological mechanisms
    33.4 Bidirectional relationship between narcolepsy and chronic pain
    33.5 Narcolepsy and chronic pain management
    33.6 Future research directions
    References

    Chapter 34: Navigating the costs of narcolepsy in managed care
    Shafaq Mansoor, Elli Allen, and Sudha Tallavajhula

    34.1 Introduction
    34.2 Economic burden of narcolepsy
    34.3 Insurance considerations for approval of testing in narcolepsy
    34.4 Pharmacotherapy considerations
    34.5 Strategies to help patients navigate the landscape
    34.6 Patient access to sleep medicine specialists
    34.6.1 Strategic drug utilization
    34.7 Summary
    References
    Further reading

    Index