About the Author xi
Preface xiii
List of Acronyms and Symbols xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Scope of the Book 5
1.3 Structure of the Book 7
References 10
2 Photonic Home Area Networks 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Economics of Home Networks 17
2.3 Optical Fibers for In-Home Networks 23
2.4 Residential Gateway 27
2.5 High-Capacity Transmission for Wirebound Delivery of Services 27
2.6 High-Capacity Transmission for Wireless Delivery of Services 31
2.7 Converged Indoor Networks 36
2.8 2D Radio Beam Steering in a Radio-Over-Fiber System 37
2.8.1 Radio Beam Steering 38
2.8.2 Wavelength-Controlled 2D TTD Radio Beam Steering 40
2.8.3 Integrated 2D TTD Beam Steering Circuit 44
2.8.4 Conclusions 45
2.9 Dynamic Capacity Allocation 45
2.10 Mode Group Division Multiplexing 47
2.11 Optical Wireless Communication 48
2.11.1 Eye Safety 48
2.11.2 Optical Wireless Communication Using Visible Light 50
2.11.3 Optical Wireless Communication Using Infrared Light 51
2.12 Evolution Trends 53
2.13 Concluding Remarks 55
References 56
3 Optical Wireless Communication Technologies 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 OWC's Application Domains 65
3.3 Indoor OWC Techniques 66
3.4 Visible Light Communication Techniques 69
3.5 Light Fidelity (LiFi) Techniques 71
3.6 Beam-Steered IR Optical Communication Techniques 72
3.7 Localization 73
3.8 OWC Receiver 74
3.9 Bidirectional Wireless Networks 75
3.10 Beam-Steered OWC versus Wide-Beam OWC 77
3.10.1 Electromagnetic Interference 77
3.10.2 Data Capacity per Device 77
3.10.3 Latency 79
3.10.4 Energy Efficiency 80
3.11 Photonic Integrated Circuits for Optical Wireless Communication 82
3.11.1 Photonic Integrated OWC Transmitters 83
3.11.2 Photonic Integrated OWC Receivers 86
3.12 Concluding Remarks 89
References 89
4 Beam-Steered Indoor OWC System 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 The BROWSE System Concept 97
4.3 2D Beam-Steering Using Diffractive Means 100
4.4 The Indoor Fiber Backbone Network 105
4.5 Concluding Remarks 106
References 107
5 Beam-Steering Techniques for Indoor OWC 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Active Beam-Steering Devices 109
5.3 Passive Beam-Steering Devices 111
5.3.1 1D Steering by Diffraction Gratings 113
5.4 2D Diffractive Beam Steerer Using Crossed Gratings 121
5.4.1 Beam Steerer Design 122
5.4.2 System Experiments 123
5.4.3 Concluding Remarks 127
5.5 2D Diffractive Beam Steerer Using an AWGR and 2D Fiber Array 128
5.5.1 Beam Steerer Design 129
5.5.2 System Experiments 135
5.5.3 Concluding Remarks 141
5.6 2D Beam Steering by Mechanical Translators 142
5.6.1 Concluding Remarks 143
5.7 Summarizing Conclusions 143
References 145
6 User Localization 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Localization in an Indoor Beam-Steered System 153
6.3 Localization When Using Discrete Diffractive Beam Steering 154
6.3.1 Corner Cube Retroreflectors 154
6.3.2 Localizing the User Devices 163
6.3.3 System Experiments 168
6.3.4 Concluding Remarks 173
6.4 Localization When Using Analog Beam Steering 173
6.4.1 Center-of-Gravity Algorithm 174
6.4.2 Impact of Lens Aberrations on Beam Alignment Accuracy 175
6.4.3 System Experiments 181
6.4.4 Concluding Remarks 183
6.5 Summarizing Conclusions 183
References 183
7 Broadband OWC Receiver with Wide Field-of-View 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Receiver Based on a Matrix of Photodiodes 189
7.2.1 Frequency Characteristics 192
7.2.2 Bias Conditions in the Photodiode Matrix 193
7.2.3 SNR Performance 198
7.2.4 Comparison with Angular Diversity Receiver 199
7.3 Capturing the Optical Beam by the Photodiode Matrix 201
7.3.1 Theoretical Analysis of the Beam-to-Photodiode Matrix Coupling 202
7.3.2 Numerical Analysis of the Beam-to-Photodiode Matrix Coupling 204
7.3.3 Impact of the Fill Factor of the Photodiode Matrix 208
7.3.4 Shifting the Receiver's Aperture over the Beam's Footprint 211
7.3.4.1 Impact of Crosstalk from Neighboring Beams 211
7.3.4.2 Impact of Cropping the Beam's Spot by the Lens' Aperture 218
7.4 Implementing the Receiver 220
7.5 Experimental Validation 223
7.6 Scaling the PD Matrix 225
7.7 Concluding Remarks 226
References 227
8 Bidirectional All-Optical OWC Indoor System 229
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Hybrid OWC Downstream/RF Upstream Systems 230
8.3 All-Optical Bidirectional OWC Systems 233
8.4 Bidirectional OWC System Architecture 234
8.5 Upstream Optical Path Design 235
8.6 System Demonstrator 238
8.7 Conclusions 243
References 243
9 Conclusions and Outlook on Further Research 247
9.1 Conclusions 247
9.2 Outlook and Suggestions for Further Research 250
9.2.1 Applying the OWC Key Functions in Other OWC Domains 251
9.2.2 Photonic Integration 251
9.2.3 Next 2D Beam-Steering Concepts 251
9.2.4 Next Localization Schemes 253
9.2.5 Next OWC Receiver Concepts 253
9.2.6 New OWC Networking Aspects 254
References 258
Appendix A: 3D Ray Tracing 261
Index 283
Publications of the Author 291
