1: Reduction and co-operation in biology.- 1: Holism and reductionism.- 2: Reduction of laws and theories.- 3: Reduction of concepts.- 4: Emergence, reduction and co-operating research programmes.- 5: Co-operating research programmes: reduction of the Bohr effect.- 6: Functional explanations in biology.- 2: Reduction and co-operation in ecology.- 7: The reduction problem in ecology.- 8: Ecological communities: conceptual problems and definition.- 9: The distinction between habitat and niche.- 10: The reduction of the Lotka/Volterra competition model to modern niche theory.- 11: Co-operation in island biogeography.- 12: The inhibitory effect of the holism-reductionism dispute: a controversy in island biogeography and its solution.- Epilogue.- Notes.- References.- Name Index.