The Golgi Apparatus State of the art 110 years after Camillo Golgi's discovery

General considerations.- The Golgi apparatus and main discoveries in the field of intracellular transport.- The Golgi apparatus as a crossroads in intracellular traffic.- Main machineries operating at the Golgi apparatus.- SNAREs.- Rabs.- COPII.- COPI: mechanisms and transport roles.- Arfs and Arls: models for Arf family members in membrane traffic at the Golgi.- COG complex.- The TRAPP complex.- The role of Ca2 in the regulation of intracellular transport.- Golgi glycosylation enzymes.- Nucleotide sugar transporters of the Golgi apparatus.- Luminal lectins.- The Golgi ribbon and the function of the Golgins.- Functional cross talk between membrane trafficking and cell signalling.- The role of the cytoskeleton in the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus.- The dynamin-cortactin complex as a mediator of vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network.- The geometry of organelles of the secretory pathway.- Main transport steps.- ER-to-Golgi transport.- Intra-Golgi transport.- Structure and domain organization of the trans- Golgi network.- Golgi-to-PM transport.- Protein transport from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes.- The transport of soluble lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi complex to lysosomes.- Transport of lysosomal membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to lysosomes.- Retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport.- Retrograde plasma membrane-to-Golgi apparatus transport.- Interactions between endocytosis and secretory transport.- Origins of the regulated secretory pathway.- Secretion and endocytosis in endothelial cells.- Formation of mucin granules.- Golgi apparatus and epithelial cell polarity.- Golgi apparatus inheritance.- Peculiarities of intracellular transport in different organisms.- Features of the plant Golgi apparatus.- Yeast Golgi apparatus.- Morphodynamics of the yeast Golgi apparatus.- Structure and function of the Golgi organelle in parasitic protists.- Evolution of the Golgi complex.- General conclusions.- Concluding remarks, questions, and perspectives.