Preface xi
Chapter 1. Hydrometallurgical Extraction Processes 1
1.1. Overview of hydrometallurgical processes 1
1.2. Leaching processes 2
1.3. Precipitation processes 39
1.4. Solvent extraction 55
1.5. Hydrometallurgical processing routes of ores, concentrates and residue (flowsheets) 62
1.6. Bibliography 81
Chapter 2. Electrometallurgical Extraction Processes 87
2.1. Overview of electrometallurgical processes 87
2.2. Electrolysis ¿?nbases 88
2.3. Aqueous electrolysis: bases 98
2.4. Electrowinning of copper 103
2.5. Electrowinning of nickel 108
2.6. Electrowinning of zinc 111
2.7. Electrorefining of lead 114
2.8. Electrorefining of tin 115
2.9. Cobalt electrowinning 115
2.10. Bibliography 115
Chapter 3. Halide Extraction Processes 117
3.1. Overview of the halide extraction processes 117
3.2. Chlorination processes 118
3.3. Reduction of halides 132
3.4. Bibliography 137
Chapter 4. Reduction of Metal Oxides 139
4.1. Introduction 139
4.2. Solid state oxide reduction by a gaseous reducing agent 148
4.3. Solid-state carbothermic reduction 168
4.4. Carbothermic smelting reduction 183
4.5. Smelting reduction by slag-metal reactions 195
4.6. Carbothermic reduction of silica and alumina 203
4.7. Metallothermic reductions 212
4.8. Bibliography 216
Chapter 5. Oxygen Steelmaking 221
5.1. Overview of steel converting and refining operations 221
5.2. Converting and refining reactions 222
5.3. Oxidation of hot metal elements by gaseous oxygen 226
5.4. "Slag-metal" reactions 232
5.5. Stainless steel making 245
5.6. Ultra-low carbon steel making 249
5.7. Bibliography 252
Chapter 6. Sulfide Extraction Processes 255
6.1. Introduction 255
6.2. Oxidation of sulfides (in the solid state) 258
6.3. Matte oxidation by gaseous oxygen 269
6.4. Reactions occurring in smelting and converting operations 274
6.5. Smelting reduction of a roasted concentrate and primary converting 284
6.6. Secondary converting of Cu2S, Ni3S2 and PbS mattes 285
6.7. Bibliography 291
Chapter 7. Metal Refining Processes 295
7.1. Introduction 295
7.2. Steel refining/secondary steelmaking 296
7.3. Aluminum refining 310
7.4. Copper refining 313
7.5. Lead refining 315
7.6. Tin refining 318
7.7. Zinc refining 318
7.8. Titanium and zirconium refining 319
7.9. Nickel refining 319
7.10. Bibliography 321
List of Symbols 325
Index 337
Summary of Other Volumes 349
