Acknowledgements
List of Tables, Charts & Diagrams
List of Illustrations
List of Acronyms
Map Of ‘Protected Villages’ in which Fieldwork Was Conducted
Chapter 1. Introduction
- The Mainstream Discourse of Today’s Wars
- Building Blocks of a Counter-Narrative
- Impacts Actors
- Benefits and Functions
- Justifications
- Elaborating a Model of Social Torture
- Overview of the Book
Chapter 2. The Research Process
- Institutional Setting
- Working in a ‘War Zone’
- Conceptual Challenges
- Horizontal Segmentation or Vertical Linkages?
- Acknowledging Peoples’ Agency
- Ethical Considerations
- Methods Adopted
- Composition of the Research Team
- In-Depth Key-Informant Interviews
- Audio-Visual Data
- Media Monitoring
- Research Integrated with Programming – The Use of Focus Groups
- Dealing with Findings
- Discussion and Conclusions
- Subjectivity and Objectivity
Chapter 3. An Overview of the Situation in Northern Uganda
- Introduction
- The Build-Up to War
- Phase I (1986 to 1988)
- Phase II (1988 to 1994)
- Phase III (1994 to 1999)
- Phase IV – Amnesty for ‘Terrorists’ (2000 to 2002)
- Phase V – Operation Iron Fist and Its Aftermath (2002 to 2003)
- Phase VI – November 2003 to June 2006
- Phase VII – June 2006 Onwards
- The War As People Remember It
- Discussion
- Some Concluding Questions
Chapter 4. Reconsidering the LRA–Government Dynamic
- Introduction
- The LRA’s Ambiguities
- Composition
- The Extent of Civilian Support
- Links with the Lord's Resistance Movement
- The Role of the Media in Creating Ambiguity
- The LRA’s Modus Operandi
- Administration and Control
- Survival and Proxy Warfare
- LRA Motivations and Politics
- Politics of Rejection
- The 1994 Peace Talks
- Discussion
- Further Nuances and Characterisations – Local Context
- Refining the Characterisations – Comparative Experiences
- An Appraisal of the Government’s Initiatives
- Conclusions
Chapter 5. Protection As Violation
- Part I – Formation and Organisation
- Physical Layout and Shelter
- Administration
- Mchaka-Mchaka
- Part II – Subsistence in the Camps
- Access to Land
- Reductions in Hunting
- Other Alternatives to Agriculture
- Group Formation
- Food Aid
- Problems with Distribution
- Demonstration Sites
- Calls To Allow People To Return Home
- Block Farming
- Part III – Access to Education
- Universal Primary Education (UPE) Drop-Outs
- Teacher Motivation
- Secondary Schooling
- Part IV – Access to Health Care
- Part V – Access to Protection
- When Was the LRA the UPDF?
- People’s Responses
- Discussion and Conclusions
Chapter 6. Protection As Debilitation
- Introduction
- Physical Debilitation
- Psychological Debilitation
- Suicide
- Heavy Drinking
- Cultural Debilitation
- Burial and Funeral Rites
- Breakdown of Restorative Justice
- Dance and Song
- External Interventions, which ‘Diluted’ Culture
- Changing Military–Civilian Relationships
- Discussion
- Signs of Resilience?
- Conclusions
Chapter 7. Protection As Humiliation
- Introduction
- The Hegemonic Model of Masculinity
- What Women Are (Supposed To Be) Like
- What Youth Are (Supposed To Be) Like
- What Men Are (Supposed To Be) Like
- Masculine Roles
- The Gap between Model and Reality: Inability To Fulfil External and Internalised Expectations
- Acquisition of Knowledge
- Marriage Provision
- Physical Protection
- Further Threats to Sense of Masculinity
- ‘Gender’ Discourse and Practice
- Militarization
- The Impact of the Emergence of a Hegemonic Model
- Domestic Violence
- Increased Male Vulnerability to Violence
- State Benefits from the Hegemonic Model
- Discussion
- Conclusions
Chapter 8. Social Torture and the Continuation of War
- Introduction
- Impacts and Methods
- Further Symptoms of Torture Actors
- Humanitarian Missions and Mandate
- Failures in Assistance and Protection
- Benefits and Functions
- Economics
- Psychological
- Political Justifications for Action and Inaction
- Justifying Action
- Justifying Inaction
- Discussion
- Low Intensity but Wide Impact
- Geographically Extensive and Time-Indifferent Multiple Actors
- Multiple Functions
- Social Torture Acquires Its Own Momentum
- Social Torture Is Justified in Public Discourses, which then Become Instruments of Social Torture
- Conclusions
Chapter 9. Conclusions
- Social Torture Offers a Counter-Narrative to the Mainstream Discourse
- Greed–Grievance
- Social Torture Goes beyond the Convention Against Torture
- Social Torture Suggests the Need for More Comprehensive Interventions
Appendices
Bibliography
Index