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Produktbild: Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer

Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

02.03.2012

Verlag

Pearson Education Limited

Seitenzahl

408

Maße (L/B/H)

26/20.8/2.6 cm

Gewicht

1057 g

Auflage

7

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-205-81031-4

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

02.03.2012

Verlag

Pearson Education Limited

Seitenzahl

408

Maße (L/B/H)

26/20.8/2.6 cm

Gewicht

1057 g

Auflage

7

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-205-81031-4

Herstelleradresse

Pearson
St.-Martin-Straße 82
81541 München
DE

Email: salesde@pearson.com

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  • Produktbild: Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer
  • In this Section:

    1. Brief Table of Contents
    2. Full Table of Contents
    1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I GETTING STARTED
    • Chapter 1 Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method
    • Chapter 2 From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses
    • Chapter 3 Ethical Considerations and Guidelines
    PART II OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT
    • Chapter 4 Methods of Systematic Observation
    • Chapter 5 Methods for Looking Within Ourselves
    • Chapter 6 Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research
    PART III DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
    • Chapter 7 Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference
    • Chapter 8 Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning
    • Chapter 9 Survey Research and Subject Recruitment
    PART IV DESCRIBING DATA AND DRAWING INFERENCES
    • Chapter 10 Summarizing the Data
    • Chapter 11 Correlating Variables
    • Chapter 12 Understanding p Values and Effect Size Indicators
    PART V STATISTICAL TESTS
    • Chapter 13 The Comparison of Two Conditions
    • Chapter 14 Comparisons of More Than Two Conditions
    • Chapter 15 The Analysis of Frequency Tables
    Appendices
    • Appendix A Reporting Your Research Results
    • Appendix B Statistical Tables
    • Appendix C Introduction to Meta-Analysis

    2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
    • Chapter 1: Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method
      • Preview Questions
      • Why Study Research Methods and Data Analysis?
      • What Alternatives Are There to the Scientific Method?
      • How Do Scientists Use Empirical Reasoning?
      • How Is Empirical Reasoning Used in Behavioral Research?
      • How Do Extraempirical Factors Come Into Play?
      • What Does Behavioral Science Cover?
      • How Does Research Go From Descriptive to Relational to Experimental?
      • What Are the Characteristics of Good Researchers?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 2: From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is Meant by a Cycle of Discovery and Justification?
      • What Are Hypothesis-Generating Heuristics?
      • What Is the Potential Role of Serendipity
      • How Can I Do a LiteratureSearch?
      • How Should I Go About Defining Variables?
      • What Identifies “Good” Theories and Working Hypotheses?
      • What Is the Distinction Between an Independent Variable and Dependent Variable?
      • What Belongs in My Research Proposal?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 3: Ethical Considerations and Guidelines
      • Preview Questions
      • How Do Ethical Guidelines in Research Function?
      • What Is Informed Consent, and When Is It Used?
      • How Are Ethics Reviews Done and Acted On?
      • What Are Obstacles to the Rendering of “Full Justice”?
      • How Can a “Relationship of Trust” Be Established?
      • How Do Scientific Quality and Ethical Quality Intertwine?
      • Is Deception in Research Ever Justified?
      • What Is the Purpose of Debriefing, and How Is It Done?
      • How Is Animal Research Governed by Ethical Rules?
      • What Ethical Responsibilities Are There When Writing Up Research?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 4: Methods of Systematic Observation
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is Meant by Systematic Observation?
      • How Do Researchers Simultaneously Participate and Observe?
      • What Can Be Learned from Quantifying Observations?
      • How Are Judgment Studies Done?
      • How Does Content Analysis Work?
      • How Are Situations Simulated in Controlled Settings?
      • What Are Plausible Rival Hypotheses and the Third-Variable Problem?
      • What Is the Distinction Between Reactive and Nonreactive Observation?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 5: Methods for Looking Within Ourselves
      • Preview Questions
      • What Are the Uses and Limitations of Self-Report Measures?
      • What Are Open-Ended and Fixed-Choice Items?
      • How Are Personality and Projective Tests Used?
      • What Is Meant By Measuring Implicit Attitudes?
      • What Are Numerical, Forced-Choice, and Graphic Ratings?
      • What Are Rating Errors, and How Are They Controlled?
      • What Is the Semantic Differential Method?
      • What Are Likert Scales and Thurstone Scales?
      • How Are Items Prepared for a Questionnaire or an Interview?
      • How Are Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews Done?
      • How Are Behavioral Diaries Used in Research?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 6: Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is the Difference Between Validity and Reliability?
      • What Are Random and Systematic Errors?
      • What Is the Purpose of Retest and Alternate-Form Reliability?
      • What Is Internal-Consistency Reliability, and How Is It Increased?
      • What Is Acceptable Test-Retest and Internal-Consistency Reliability?
      • How Is the Reliability of Judges Measured?
      • How Is Reliability Related to Replication and External Validity?
      • How Are Content and Criterion Validity Defined?
      • How Is Construct Validity Assessed in Test Development?
      • How Is Construct Validity Relevant to Experimental Design?
      • What Is the Importance of Statistical-Conclusion Validity and Internal Validity?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 7: Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is the Purpose of Randomized Experiments?
      • How Is Random Assignment Accomplished?
      • What Are Between-Subjects Designs?
      • What Is the Formative Logic of Experimental Control
      • What Are Within-Subjects Designs?
      • What Are Factorial Designs?
      • What Is Meant by Counterbalancing the Conditions?
      • Why Is Causality Said To Be “Shrouded in Mystery”?
      • How Do Scientists Logically Puzzle Out Efficient Causality?
      • What Conditions Pose a Threat to Internal Validity?
      • What Are Artifacts in Research?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 8: Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning
      • Preview Questions
      • How Is Causal Reasoning Attempted in the Absence of Randomization?
      • How Is the Third-Variable Problem Relevant?
      • What Is Meant By Subclassification on Propensity Scores?
      • What Are Time-Series Designs and “Found Experiments”?
      • What Within-Subjects Designs Are Used in Single-Case Experiments?
      • How Are Correlations Interpreted in Cross-Lagged Panel Designs?
      • What Is the Purpose of Longitudinal Research Using Cohorts?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 9: Survey Research and Subject Recruitment
      • Preview Questions
      • What Are Opportunity and Probability Samples?
      • What Is Meant by Bias and Instability in Survey Research?
      • Why Do We Not Know “For Sure” the Bias in Sampling?
      • How Is Simple Random Sampling Done?
      • What Are Stratified Random Sampling and Area Probability Sampling?
      • What Did the Literary Digest Case Teach Pollsters?
      • What Are Point Estimates and Interval Estimates?
      • What Are the Benefits of Stratification?
      • How Is Nonresponse Bias Handled in Survey Research?
      • What Are the Typical Characteristics of Volunteer Subjects?
      • How Is Volunteer Bias in Opportunity Samples Managed?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 10: Summarizing the Data
      • Preview Questions
      • How Is Visual Integrity Ensured When Results Are Graphed?
      • How Are Frequencies Displayed in Tables, Bar Graphs, and Line Graphs?
      • How Do Stem-and-Leaf Charts Work?
      • How Are Percentiles Used to Summarize Part of a Batch?
      • How Is an Exploratory Data Analysis Done?
      • How Does Asymmetry Affect Measures of Central Tendency?
      • How Do I Measure How “Spread Out” a Set of Scores Is?
      • What Are Descriptive and Inferential Measures?
      • How Do I Estimate a Confidence Interval Around a Population Mean?
      • What Is Distinctive About the Normal Distribution?
      • Why Are z Scores Called Standard Scores, and How Are They Used?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 11: Correlating Variables
      • Preview Questions
      • What Are Different Forms of Correlations?
      • How Are Correlations Visualized in Scatter Plots?
      • How Is a Product-Moment Correlation Calculated?
      • How Is Dummy Coding Used in Correlation?
      • When Is the Phi Coefficient Used?
      • How Is a Correlation Calculated on Ranks?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 12: Understanding p Values and Effect Size Indicators
      • Preview Questions
      • Why Is It Important to Focus Not Just on p Values?
      • What Is the Reasoning Behind Null Hypothesis Significance Testing?
      • What Is the Distinction Between Type I and Type II Error?
      • What Are One-Tailed and Two-Tailed p Values?
      • What Is the Counternull Statistic?
      • What Is the Purpose of Doing a Power Analysis?
      • How Do I Estimate a Confidence Interval for an Effect Size Correlation?
      • What Can Effect Sizes Tell Us of Practical Importance?
      • What Does Killeen’s prep Tell Me?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 13: The Comparison of Two Conditions
      • Preview Questions
      • What Do Signal-to-Noise Ratios Have to Do With t Tests?
      • How Do I Compute an Independent-Sample t Test?
      • What Can a Table of p Values for t Teach Me?
      • What Is an Effect Size Index for an Independent-Sample t?
      • How Do I Interpret Cohen’s d for Independent Groups?
      • How Do I Compute Interval Estimates for Cohen’s d?
      • How Can I Maximize the Independent-Sample t?
      • How Does a Paired t Test Differ From an Independent-Sample t Test?
      • What Is an Effect Size Index for a Paired t?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 14: Comparisons of More Than Two Conditions
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and How Are F and t Related?
      • How Is Variability Apportioned in a One-Way ANOVA?
      • How Are ANOVA Summary Tables Set Up and Interpreted?
      • How Can I Test for Simple Effects After an Omnibus F?
      • How Is Variability Apportioned in a Two-Way ANOVA?
      • How Do I Interpret Main and Interaction Effects?
      • How Is a Two-Way ANOVA Computed and a Summary Table Set Up?
      • What Are Contrasts, and How Do I Compute Them On More Than Two Groups?
      • What Do reffect size r alerting and rcontrast Tell Me?
      • How Are Contrasts on Multiple Repeated Measures Computed?
      • How Are Latin Square Designs Analyzed?
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    • Chapter 15: The Analysis of Frequency Tables
      • Preview Questions
      • What Is the Purpose of Chi-Square (X2)?
      • How Do I Compute 1-df Chi-Squares?
      • How Do I Obtain the p Value, Effect Size, and Confidence Interval?
      • What Is the Relationship Between 1df X 2 and Phi?
      • How Do I Deal With Tables Larger Than 2X2?
      • How Is Standardizing the Margins Done, and What Can It Tell Me?
      • What Is a Binomial Effect-Size Display Used For?
      • A Journey Begun
      • Summary of Ideas
      • Key Terms
      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review
      • Discussion Questions for Review
      • Answers to Review Questions
    Appendix A Reporting Your Research Results
    • Research Reports in APA Style
    • Getting Started
    • Title Page
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Method
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Footnotes
    • Tables and Figures
    • Appendix
    • Writing and Revising
    Appendix B Statistical Tables
    • B.1. z Values and Their Associated One-Tailed p Values
    • B.2. t Values and Their Associated One-Tailed and Two-Tailed p Values
    • B.3. F Values and Their Associated p Values
    • B.4. r2 Values and Their Associated p Values
    • B.5. r Values and Their Associated p Values
    • B.6. Transformations of r to Fisher zr
    • B.7. Transformations of Fisher zr to r
    Appendix C Introduction to Meta-Analysis
    • The Purpose of Meta-Analysis
    • Some Pro and Con Arguments
    • Comparing Two Effect Sizes
    • Combining Two Effect Sizes
    • Obtaining an Overall Significance Level
    • Detective-Like Probing of Reported Data
    • The File Drawer Problem
    Glossary of Terms References Name Index Subject Index