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  • Produktbild: Transport in Plants I
  • Produktbild: Transport in Plants I
Band 1

Transport in Plants I Phloem Transport

Aus der Reihe Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology

Fr. 137.00

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

15.11.2011

Herausgeber

M.H. Zimmermann + weitere

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

538

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/3.1 cm

Gewicht

957 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1975

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-66163-1

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

15.11.2011

Herausgeber

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

538

Maße (L/B/H)

24.4/17/3.1 cm

Gewicht

957 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1975

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-66163-1

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Transport in Plants I
  • Produktbild: Transport in Plants I
  • I. Structural Considerations in Phloem Transport.- 1. Sieve-Element Structure.- A. Introduction.- B. Terminology, Sieve-Element Size and Shape.- C. Structure of Sieve Elements.- Angiosperms.- Gymnosperms.- Vascular Cryptogams.- D. Longevity of Sieve Elements.- E. Structure of Sieve Elements and Translocation.- Undifferentiated S.E..- S.E. Structure and Possible Mechanisms of Transport.- F. Conclusion.- References.- 2. Sealing Systems in Phloem.- A. Introduction.- B. Callose.- Identification and Distribution.- Structure and Properties.- Changes of Callose Content.- Sieve-Tube Callose in Relation to Transport.- Conclusions.- C. Sieve-Tube Slime.- General Considerations.- Distribution and Origin.- Position of Filaments.- Conclusions.- References.- II. Nature of Substances in Phloem.- 3. Nature of Transported Substances.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods for the Analysis of the Transported Substances.- C. Different Groups of Transported Substances.- Water.- Carbohydrates.- Nitrogenous Substances.- Lipids.- Organic Acids.- Constituents and ATP.- Growth Substances and Inhibitors.- Vitamins.- Other Organic Substances.- Inorganic Substances.- Viruses and Flagellates.- Physical Properties of S.T. Exudate.- D. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4. Biochemistry of Phloem Constituents.- A. Introduction.- B. Enzymic Activities in Sieve Tubes.- Sources of S.T. Exudates.- Enzymes in S.T..- C. Maintenance of the Living State of Sieve Tubes.- Respiration.- Enzymes of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis.- D. Origin of Enzymes in Sieve Tubes.- E. Biochemical Reactions in Sieve Tubes in Relation to Function.- Enzymes Normally Present.- Metabolism of Sucrose and Derivatives.- Nucleic Acids.- Synthesis and Breakdown of Callose.- P-Protein and Plastids.- F. Conclusions.- References.- III. Phloem Transport: Assessment of Evidence.- 5. Mass Transfer.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods of Measuring Mass Transfer.- Gain by Fruit Sinks.- Loss from Leaf Sources.- Transfer through Tree Trunks.- Special Systems: Palm Inflorescence.- Aphid Stylet.- Results of the Measurements.- C. Factors Related to Mass Transfer.- Concentration Gradient.- Path Distance.- Morphology and Patterns of Movement.- Flow Models.- Speed Components.- D. Summary.- References.- 6. Aphids and Translocation.- A. Introduction.- B. Distribution of Aphids on Plants and Its Bearing on Translocation.- C. Aphid Honeydew as a Source of Information on Substances Translocated in Phloem Elements.- Sterols.- Phenols.- Minerals.- Plant Hormones.- D. Growth Efficiency of Aphids.- E. Damage Done to Plants by Aphids.- Galling.- Premature Senescence and Death of Plant Tissue.- Speed of Response of Plants to Aphid Infestation.- Hormonal Changes Induced.- F. Aphids as “Sinks”.- G. Aphid Stylets and Phloem Transport.- H. Summary.- References.- 7. Investigations with Aphid Stylets into the Physiology of the Sieve Tube.- A. Introduction.- B. The Aphid Technique as a Method of Obtaining Samples of Sieve-Tube Sap.- Severed Stylets.- Whole Aphids.- Comparison of Stylet Technique with Incisions.- C. Evidence That Exudation from Stylets Involves Longitudinal Transport through the Sieve Tubes.- Experiments with Incisions and Radioactive Tracers.- D. The Pattern of Fluxes into and along the Sieve Tube in Relation to Stylet Puncture.- E. Severed Stylets and Aphids as Sinks.- Polarity Initiated by Stylets.- Velocity and Specific Mass Transfer of Sucrose in Pierced S.T..- F. The Control of Solute Loading into Sieve Elements.- Potential.- Specificity.- Metabolism and Loading.- G. The Nature of the Longitudinal Movement Produced in Response to Stylet Puncture.- Water Movement.- Hydrostatic Pressures in Sieve Tubes.- Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in Xylem upon Stylet Exudation.- Simultaneous Bidirectional Movement.- Metabolism and Movement of Solutes.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 8. Phloem Exudation from Monocotyledonous Axes.- A. Introduction.- B. Exudation from Wounded Palms and Agaves.- Sugar-Rich Saps.- Use of Yucca flaccida.- Composition and Nature of Exudates.- C. Experimental Analyses of the Exudation Process.- Translocation to the Site of Bleeding.- Feeding Detached Inflorescence Axes.- Cooling Experiments with Yucca flaccida.- D. The Exudation Process and Its Relation to Phloem Transport.- Flow between Source and Artificial Sink.- Structure of the Sieve Plate.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 9. Work with Isolated Phloem Strands.- A. Introduction.- B. Studies of Heat-Pulse Movement.- C. Electrical Studies.- D. Light Microscopy of Isolated Phloem Strands.- E. Micro-Injection of Tracers.- F. Feeding Sucrose Solution to Isolated Phloem Strands.- G. Electronmicroscopy of Isolated Strands.- H. Summary.- References.- 10. Bidirectional Transport.- A. Introduction.- Historical Survey.- Aims.- Anatomical Aspect.- B. Experiments.- Analysis of S.T. between Two Sources.- Bidirectional Spreading from a Single Source.- C. Bidirectional Transport in Relation to Vascular Differentiation.- Anatomy.- Differentiation and Transport 251,.- D. Conclusions.- References.- 11. Effects of Temperature, Anoxia and Other Metabolic Inhibitors on Translocation.- A. Introduction.- The Importance of Translocation Modification by Metabolic Inhibitors.- Possible Difficulties Encountered in Studying the Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Translocation.- B. Effects of Temperature, Anoxia and Metabolic Inhibitors on Translocation.- Whole-Plant Experiments.- Results of Path, Sink and Source Treatments.- C. Significance of Effects of Various Inhibitors.- Relation to Mechanism.- Effects on Growth and Productivity.- Future Work.- D. Summary.- References.- IV. Possible Mechanisms of Phloem Transport.- 12. Protoplasmic Streaming.- A. Introduction.- B. The Phenomenon of Streaming.- C. The Fine Structure of Streaming Protoplasm.- D. Chemical Basis of Protoplasmic Streaming.- E. Translocation Models Using the Streaming Properties of Protoplasm.- Rotation Streaming.- Transcellular Strands.- Peristalitic Pumping.- F. The Occurrence of Streaming in Sieve-Element Protoplasm.- G. Structural Components of Sieve Elements That Might be Related to Streaming.- H. Conclusion.- References.- 13. Electroosmotic Flow.- A. Presuppositions of the Potassium Theory.- B. Electroosmosis as a Phenomenon.- Anomalous Osmosis.- Design for an Electroosmotic Pump.- A Modified Design.- C. Statement of the Theory.- Further Comments.- Initiation of Transport.- Insertion of P-Protein into Pores.- Active Uptake of Potassium.- Membrane Expansion.- Limitation of Potassium Circulation.- Sieve-Element Length.- Function of Companion Cells.- D. Objections to the Potassium Theory.- E. Further Evidence for the Potassium Theory.- F. Comparison with Other Theories.- Münch Hypothesis.- Contractile Protein Theories.- G. Conclusion.- Addendum 1: Hydrodynamic Polarization of Sieve Plate.- Addendum 2: Donnan Equilibrium between Lumen and Pores.- Addendum 3.- References.- 14. Pressure Flow.- A. Introduction.- B. Pressure-Flow Systems.- Mûnch Osmotic Pressure-Flow Models.- Intact Plants: Elaboration on Mûnch Model.- Effect of Gravity.- Reverse-Osmosis Experiments.- Role of Extra-Floral Nectaries.- C. Objections to Osmotic Pressure Flow.- Structural Considerations.- Bidirectional Transport.- Differential Transport.- Polarized Flow.- D. Observations Supporting Osmotic Pressure Flow.- E. Quantitative Studies on Phloem Transport.- Influence of Water Potential.- Sieve-Tube Turgor Pressure and Gradients.- S.T. Hydraulic Conductivity from Specific Mass Transfer, Sap Velocity or by Volume Transfer.- F. Summary.- References.- 15. Other Possible Mechanisms.- A. Introduction.- B. Peristalsis of Cell Walls.- C. Micro-Electro-Kinesis.- D. Surface Active Movement Mechanism.- E. Reciprocating Flow Hypothesis.- F. Contractile Proteins.- G. Concluding Considerations.- References.- 16. Theoretical Considerations.- A. The Basic Transport Equations.- Fick’s Equations.- Localized Membrane Permeation.- Laminar Flow Equations.- Conservation and Phenomenological Equations.- B. Mathematical Models for Mass Flow: Energetics and Forces.- Münch Model Treated Quantitatively.- Peristaltic Pumping Model.- Electroosmosis and Transcellular Cyclosis.- C. Mathematical Models Treating the Kinetics of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Labeled Translocate.- Kinetics of Loading and the Through-Put Component 381,.- D. Summary.- References.- V. Phloem Loading: Storage and Circulation.- 17. Phloem Loading.- A. Introduction.- Concept of Phloem Loading.- Münch Hypothesis and Phloem Loading.- Experimental Verification of Phloem Loading.- B. Structural Aspects of Phloem Loading.- Distribution of Minor Veins.- Structural Features of Intermediary and Transfer Cells.- Close Functional and Structural Association of Sieve Elements and Companion Cells.- C. Physiological Aspects of Phloem Loading.- Involvement of Free Space in Path from Mesophyll to Minor Vein Phloem.- Selectivity of Phloem Loading.- Mechanism of Phloem Loading.- D. Control Aspects of Phloem Loading.- Production of Osmotic Pressure in Sieve Elements and Companion Cells Generates Motive Force for Translocation.- Onset of Export Capacity.- Relationship between Photosynthesis and Translocation.- E. Summary.- References.- 18. Radial Transport in Rays.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Organization of Rays.- General.- Physiological Differentiation of Rays in Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons.- C. Storage in Rays.- Stored Material.- Seasonal Variations.- D. Movement of Assimilates in Rays.- General.- Loading and Unloading of Rays via Strasburger Cells.- Possible Mechanisms of Radial Transport in Rays.- Exchange between Rays and Vessels.- E. Summary.- References.- 19. Exchange of Solutes between Phloem and Xylem and Circulation in the Whole Plant.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Considerations Relating to Phloem-Xylem Exchange of Solutes.- C. Solutes Present in the Xylem and Their Origin in the Root.- D. Exchange of Xylem Solutes with the Shoot Axis and Interchange with Shoot Phloem.- E. Solutes Present in the Phloem and Their Origin in Leaves.- F. Transport to Centers of Growth or Storage in the Shoot.- G. Solute Transport and Circulation in the Whole Plant.- H. Summary.- References.- Appendix I: Flow of Biological Fluids through Non-Ideal Capillaries.- References.- Appendix III: List of Sugars and Sugar Alcohols in Sieve-Tube Exudates.- Author Index.