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Produktbild: Soil Chemistry

Soil Chemistry

Fr. 89.90

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

392

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/19/1.5 cm

Gewicht

682 g

Auflage

4. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-62923-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

392

Maße (L/B/H)

24.6/19/1.5 cm

Gewicht

682 g

Auflage

4. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-62923-9

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  • Produktbild: Soil Chemistry
  • Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 11.1 Historical background 21.2 The soil environment 51.2.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 61.2.2 Soil solids 81.2.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 101.2.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 121.3 Chemical reactions in soils 161.3.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 171.3.2 Soil chemical speciation 181.3.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 181.4 Soil biogeochemical cycling 211.5 Soil chemical influences on food production 221.6 Soils and environmental health 221.6.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 241.7 Units in soil chemistry 251.7.1 Converting units 252 Properties of Elements and Molecules 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Ionization and ionic charge 292.3 Ionic radius 322.4 Molecular bonds 332.5 The nature of water and hydration of ions 363 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 413.1 Introduction 413.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 413.3 Essential elements 453.3.1 Plant deficiency 463.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 463.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 493.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 493.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 523.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 533.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 543.6 Properties of the elements in soils 553.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 563.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 583.6.3 Weakly soluble anions 603.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 643.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 653.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 684 Soil Water Chemistry 734.1 Introduction 734.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 744.2.1 Types of equilibrium constants 794.3 Calculation of ion activity 804.3.1 Example calculation of activity coefficient 824.4 Acids and bases 834.5 Gas dissolution 874.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 884.6.1 Solubility of oxides and hydroxides 894.6.2 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 904.6.3 Solubility of soil minerals 934.6.4 Using equilibrium reactions to model soil mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions 954.7 Cation hydrolysis 954.8 Complexation 984.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 994.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 1014.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 1044.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB) concept 1054.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 1064.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 1075 Redox Reactions in Soils 1135.1 Introduction 1135.2 Redox reactions in nature 1155.2.1 Photosynthesis redox reactions 1155.2.2 Electron donors in nature 1165.2.3 Electron acceptors in nature 1175.3 Basic approaches for characterizing soil redox processes 1195.3.1 Measuring redox-induced changes in chemical species in soils 1195.3.2 Predicting redox processes in soil using redox reactions 1215.4 Quantifying redox reactions 1215.4.1 The redox electrode 1225.4.2 Thermodynamic models of redox reactions 1235.4.3 Predicting redox reactions using equilibrium constants 1245.4.4 Theoretical Eh of redox reactions 1265.5 Redox potential limits in natural systems 1285.6 The role of protons in redox reactions 1295.6.1 pe-pH diagrams 1295.6.2 Adjusting Eh for pH and species activities 1305.7 Prediction of oxidation and reduction reactions in soils 1325.7.1 Reduction reactions on the redox ladder 1335.7.2 Oxidation reactions on the redox ladder 1355.8 Redox measurement in soils 1355.8.1 Other methods to assess redox status of soils 1365.9 Soil redoximorphic features and iron reduction in wetlands 1365.10 Nitrogen redox reactions in soils 1385.11 Important concepts for understanding redox in soils 1416 Mineralogy and Weathering Processes in Soils 1456.1 Introduction 1456.2 Common soil minerals 1466.3 Crystal chemistry of minerals 1476.3.1 Bonds in minerals 1486.3.2 Rules for assembling minerals 1506.3.3 Isomorphic substitution 1546.3.4 Mineral formulas 1556.4 Common primary mineral - silicates in soils 1576.4.1 Nesosilicates 1576.4.2 Inosilicates 1576.4.3 Phyllosilicates 1576.4.4 Tectosilicates 1576.4.5 Cations in primary silicates 1596.5 Minerals and elements in rocks 1606.5.1 Elemental composition of rocks 1616.6 Stability of silicates to weathering 1626.7 Chemistry of soil weathering and mineral formation 1646.7.1 Initial breakdown of primary minerals 1646.7.2 Formation of soil minerals 1656.7.3 Weathering effects on ion composition in soils 1666.8 Formation of secondary minerals in soils 1686.8.1 Prediction of secondary mineral formation 1706.9 Soil carbonates 1726.10 Evaporites 1736.11 Soil phosphate minerals 1746.12 Sulfur minerals 1756.13 Time sequence of mineral formation in soils 1766.14 Measurement of soil mineralogy 1786.14.1 Principles of x-ray diffraction (XRD) for clay mineralogy 1817 Chemistry of Soil Clays 1857.1 Introduction 1857.2 Structural characteristics of phyllosilicates 1857.2.1 1:1 Phyllosilicates 1897.2.2 2:1 Phyllosilicates 1897.3 Relation of phyllosilicate structure to physical and chemical properties 1937.3.1 Interlayer bond 1937.3.2 Surface area 1957.3.3 c-spacing 1957.3.4 Cation adsorption and layer charge 1957.3.5 Shrink and swell behavior and interlayer collapse 1987.4 Detailed properties of phyllosilicates 1987.4.1 Kaolinite 1987.4.2 Smectite 1997.4.3 Vermiculite 2017.4.4 Mica and illite 2017.4.5 Chlorite 2027.5 Allophane and Imogolite 2027.6 Zeolite 2037.7 Oxide minerals 2047.7.1 Aluminium oxides 2047.7.2 Iron oxides 2047.7.3 Titanium oxides 2087.7.4 Manganese oxides 2097.8 Soil-mineral mixtures 2108 Production and Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter 2138.1 Introduction 2138.1.1 Components in SOM 2138.1.2 Studying SOM 2148.2 Ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes 2158.3 Soil organic matter formation factors 2178.3.1 Residence time of SOM 2178.3.2 Climate effects on SOM 2188.3.3 SOM in wetlands 2188.3.4 Soil mineral effects on SOM 2198.4 Organic chemistry of SOM 2198.5 Plant and microbial compounds input into soil 2198.6 SOM decay processes 2248.7 Humus composition and structure 2278.8 Classical SOM fractionation 2298.9 Function of organic matter in soil 2318.9.1 Organic nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus 2338.9.2 SOM influences on chemical processes 2338.9.3 SOM influences on physical properties 2348.9.4 Organic chemical partitioning 2349 Surface Properties of Soil Colloids 2379.1 Introduction 2379.2 Permanent charge 2379.3 pH-dependent charge 2389.3.1 Balancing surface charge 2409.3.2 Variable charge on phyllosilicates 2409.3.3 pH-dependent charge on Fe and Al oxides 2429.4 Point of zero charge of variable charged surfaces 2439.5 pH-dependent charge of SOM 2459.6 Hydrophobic regions of soil organic matter 24810 Adsorption Processes in Soils 25110.1 Introduction 25110.1.1 Outer-sphere adsorption 25110.1.2 Inner-sphere adsorption 25310.1.3 Adsorption of non-charged chemicals to soil particles 25410.1.4 Desorption 25410.2 Cation exchange on soils 25610.2.1 Force of ion attraction to charged surfaces 25810.2.2 Cation exchange selectivity 25810.2.3 Description of the diffuse double Layer 26110.2.4 Interacting diffuse double layers from adjacent particles 26510.2.5 Stern modification of the Gouy-Chapman DDL theory 26710.2.6 Cation exchange equations 26710.2.7 Measuring CEC 27210.3 Inner-sphere adsorbed cations 27310.3.1 Inner-sphere adsorption on minerals 27410.3.2 Metal adsorption selectivity 27610.3.3 Inner-sphere metal adsorption on soil organic matter 27710.3.4 Inner-sphere metal adsorption in soils 27710.4 Anion Adsorption 28010.4.1 Outer-sphere adsorbed anions 28110.4.2 Inner-sphere adsorption of anions 28210.5 Adsorption of anthropogenic organic chemicals in soils 28610.5.1 Mechanisms of organic chemical retention 28710.5.2 Adsorption of charged pesticides 28710.5.3 Retention of non-ionic organic chemicals 28910.5.4 Predicting organic chemical retention in soil 29011 Measuring and Predicting Sorption Processes in Soils 29511.1 Introduction 29511.2 Sorption experiments 29511.3 Predicting sorption using empirical models 29711.4 Predicting adsorption using mechanistic models 30111.5 Rates of adsorption 30511.5.1 Modeling adsorption kinetics 30611.6 Reactive transport 30811.7 Surface precipitation 31011.8 Analytical methods for determining adsorption mechanisms 31212 Soil Acidity 31512.1 Introduction 31512.1.1 Measurement of soil acidity 31512.2 History of soil acidity 31712.3 The role of aluminum in soil pH 31912.3.1 Creation of exchangeable aluminum 31912.4 Base cations in soil solutions 32012.4.1 Aqueous chemistry of base cations 32012.4.2 Exchangeable base cations 32112.5 Soil acidification processes 32212.5.1 Organic matter influences on pH 32212.5.2 Acidity from the nitrogen cycle 32412.5.3 Phosphate and sulfate fertilizer additions to soil acidity 32712.5.4 Plant root influences on soil acidity 32712.5.5 Protonation and deprotonation of mineral surfaces 32712.5.6 Pollution sources of soil acidity 32712.5.7 Redox reactions 32812.6 Aluminum and manganese toxicity 32912.7 Plant nutrients in acid soils 32912.8 Managing acidic soils 33012.8.1 Predicting lime requirement 33012.8.2 Optimal management of soil pH 33113 Salt-Affected Soils 33313.1 Introduction 33313.2 Distribution and origin of salt-affected soils 33313.2.1 Mineral weathering sources of salts 33413.2.2 Sources of fossil salt 33413.2.3 Atmospheric salt sources 33413.2.4 Topographic influence on soil salt concentrations 33413.2.5 Human sources of soil salinity 33513.3 Characterization of salinity in soil and water 33613.3.1 Total dissolved solids 33713.3.2 Electrical conductivity 33713.3.3 Sodium hazard 33813.3.4 Exchangeable sodium percentage 34013.3.5 Bicarbonate hazard 34113.3.6 Other problematic solutes in irrigation water 34213.4 Describing salt-affected soils 34313.4.1 Saline soils 34313.4.2 Saline-sodic soils 34413.4.3 Sodic soils 34413.5 Effects of salts on soils and plants 34513.6 Salt balance and leaching requirement 34613.7 Reclamation 347Bibliography 351Index 357