Produktbild: Introduction to the Physics of Electron Emission

Introduction to the Physics of Electron Emission Theory and Simulation

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

29.11.2017

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

712

Maße (L/B/H)

28.7/22.2/3.5 cm

Gewicht

1952 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-05189-3

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

29.11.2017

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

712

Maße (L/B/H)

28.7/22.2/3.5 cm

Gewicht

1952 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-05189-3

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Introduction to the Physics of Electron Emission
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    Acknowledgements xiii

    Part I: Foundations

    1 Prelude 3

    2 Units and evaluation 7

    2.1 Numerical accuracy 7

    2.2 Atomic-sized units 8

    2.3 Units based on emission 11

    3 Pre-quantum models 13

    3.1 Discovery of electron emission 13

    3.2 The Drude model and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics 13

    3.3 The challenge of photoemission 19

    4 Statistics 25

    4.1 Distinguishable particles 25

    4.2 Probability and states 28

    4.3 Probability and entropy 30

    4.4 Combinatorics and products of probability 33

    5 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 37

    5.1 Classical phase space 37

    5.2 Most probable distribution 39

    5.3 Energy and entropy 41

    5.4 The Gibbs paradox 42

    5.5 Ideal Gas in a potential gradient 44

    5.6 The grand partition function 45

    5.7 A nascent model of electron emission 46

    6 Quantum distributions 49

    6.1 Bose-Einstein distribution 49

    6.2 Fermi-Dirac distribution 50

    6.3 The Riemann zeta function 50

    6.4 Chemical potential 52

    6.5 Classical to quantum statistics 56

    6.6 Electrons and white dwarf stars 57

    7 A box of electrons 61

    7.1 Scattering 61

    7.2 From classical to quantum mechanics 61

    7.3 Moments and distributions 63

    7.4 Boltzmann's transport equation 64

    8 Quantum mechanics methods 73

    8.1 A simple model: the prisoner's dilemma 73

    8.2 Matrices and wave functions 78

    9 Quintessential problems 91

    9.1 The hydrogen atom 92

    9.2 Transport past barriers 102

    9.3 The harmonic oscillator 110

    Part II: The canonical equations

    10 A brief history 121

    10.1 Thermal emission 121

    10.2 Field emission 122

    10.3 Photoemission 123

    10.4 Secondary emission 124

    10.5 Space-charge limited emission 124

    10.6 Resources and further reading 124

    11 Anatomy of current density 127

    11.1 Supply function 128

    11.2 Gamow factor 128

    11.3 Image charge potential 131

    12 Richardson-Laue-Dushman equation 135

    12.1 Approximations 135

    12.2 Analysis of thermal emission data 136

    13 Fowler-Nordheim equation 139

    13.1 Triangular barrier approximation 140

    13.2 Image charge approximation 141

    13.3 Analysis of field emission data 145

    13.4 The Millikan-Lauritsen hypothesis 146

    14 Fowler-Dubridge equation 149

    14.1 Approximations 149

    14.2 Analysis of photoemission data 153

    15 Baroody equation 155

    15.1 Approximations 155

    15.2 Analysis of secondary emission data 160

    15.3 Subsequent approximations 161

    16 Child-Langmuir law 163

    16.1 Constant density approximation 164

    16.2 Constant current approximation 165

    16.3 Transit time approximation 168

    17 A General thermal-field-photoemission equation 173

    17.1 Experimental thermal-field energy distributions 175

    17.2 Theoretical thermal-field energy distributions 176

    17.3 The N(n,s,u) function 181

    17.4 Brute force evaluation 189

    17.5 A computationally kind model 193

    17.6 General thermal-field emission code 198

    Part III: Exact tunneling and transmission evaluation

    18 Simple barriers 209

    18.1 Rectangular barrier 209

    18.2 Triangular barrier: general method 213

    18.3 Triangular barrier: numerical 222

    19 Transfer matrix approach 227

    19.1 Plane wave transfer matrix 227

    19.2 Airy function transfer matrix 233

    20 Ion enhanced emission and breakdown 245

    20.1 Paschen's curve 245

    20.2 Modified Paschen's curve 247

    20.3 Ions and the emission barrier 250

    Part IV: The complexity of materials

    21 Metals 257

    21.1 Density of states, again 257

    21.2 Spheres in d dimensions 259

    21.3 The Kronig Penny model 261

    21.4 Atomic orbitals 264

    21.5 Electronegativity 266

    21.6 Sinusoidal potential and band gap 269

    21.7 Ion potentials and screening 272

    22 Semiconductors 277

    22.1 Resistivity 277

    22.2 Electrons and holes 279

    22.3 Band gap and temperature 281

    22.4 Doping of semiconductors 281

    22.5 Semiconductor image charge potential 286

    22.6 Dielectric constant and screening 287

    23 Effective mass 291

    23.1 Dispersion relations 291

    23.2 The k ¿ p method 293

    23.3 Hyperbolic relations 296

    23.4 The alpha semiconductor model 299

    23.5 Current and effective mass 301

    24 Interfaces 303

    24.1 Metal-insulator-metal current density 303

    24.2 Band bending 310

    24.3 Accumulation layers 311

    24.4 Depletion layers 319

    24.5 Modifications due to non-linear potential barriers 324

    25 Contacts, conduction, and current 329

    25.1 Zener breakdown 329

    25.2 Poole-Frenkel transport 329

    25.3 Tunneling conduction 333

    25.4 Resonant tunneling in field emission 336

    26 Electron density near barriers 341

    26.1 An infinite barrier 341

    26.2 Two infinite barriers 344

    26.3 A triangular well 346

    26.4 Density and dipole component 348

    27 Many-body effects and image charge 353

    27.1 Kinetic energy 353

    27.2 Exchange energy 354

    27.3 Correlation term 356

    27.4 Core term 357

    27.5 Exchange-correlation and a barrier model 360

    28 An analytic image charge potential 363

    28.1 Work function and temperature 363

    28.2 Work function and field 363

    28.3 Changes to current density 366

    Part V: Application physics

    29 Dispenser cathodes 371

    29.1 Miram curves and the longo equation 371

    29.2 Diffusion of coatings 375

    29.3 Evaporation of coatings 391

    29.4 Knudsen flow through pores 393

    29.5 Lifetime of a sintered wire controlled porosity dispenser cathode 399

    30 Field emitters 403

    30.1 Field enhancement 403

    30.2 Hemispheres and notional emission area 406

    30.3 Point charge model 408

    30.4 Schottky's conjecture 412

    30.5 Assessment of the tip current models 415

    30.6 Line charge models 417

    30.7 Prolate spheroidal representation 420

    30.8 A hybrid analytic-numerical model 425

    30.9 Shielding 433

    30.10 Statistical variation 438

    31 Photoemitters 443

    31.1 Scattering consequences 446

    31.2 Basic theory 448

    31.3 Three-step model 449

    31.4 Moments model 451

    31.5 Reflectivity and penetration factors 457

    31.6 Lorentz-Drude model of the dielectric constant 458

    31.7 Scattering contributions 466

    31.8 Low work function coatings 478

    31.9 Quantum efficiency of a cesiated surface 485

    32 Secondary emission cathodes 487

    32.1 Diamond amplifier concept 487

    32.2 Monte Carlo methods 494

    32.3 Relaxation time 499

    32.4 Monte Carlo and diamond amplifier response time 516

    33 Electron beam physics 525

    33.1 Electron orbits and cathode area 526

    33.2 Beam envelope equation 528

    33.3 Emittance for flat and uniform surfaces 533

    33.4 Emittance for a bump 545

    33.5 Emittance and realistic surfaces 563

    Part VI: Appendices

    Appendix 1 Summation, integration, and differentiation 569

    A1.1 Series 569

    A1.2 Integration 569

    A1.3 Differentiation 577

    A1.4 Numerical solution of an ordinary differential equation 582

    Appendix 2 Functions 585

    A2.1 Trigonometric functions 585

    A2.2 Gamma function 585

    A2.3 Riemann zeta function 585

    A2.4 Error function 587

    A2.5 Legendre polynomials 587

    A2.6 Airy functions 588

    A2.7 Lorentzian functions 590

    Appendix 3 Algorithms 591

    A3.1 Permutation algorithm 591

    A3.2 Birthday algorithm 592

    A3.3 Least squares fitting of data 593

    A3.4 Monty Hall algorithm 595

    A3.5 Wave function and density algorithm 596

    A3.6 Hydrogen atom algorithms 598

    A3.7 Root-finding Methods 601

    A3.8 Thermal-field algorithm 604

    A3.9 Gamow factor algorithm 606

    A3.10 Triangular barrier D(E) 607

    A3.11 Evaluation of Hc(u) 608

    A3.12 Transfer matrix algorithm 610

    A3.13 Semiconductors and doping density 616

    A3.14 Band bending: accumulation layer 618

    A3.15 Simple ODE solvers 619

    A3.16 Current through a metal-insulator-metal diode 622

    A3.17 Field emission from semiconductors 624

    A3.18 Roots of the quadratic image charge barrier 626

    A3.19 Zeros of the airy function 627

    A3.20 Atomic sphere radius rs 629

    A3.21 Sodium exchange-correlation potential 631

    A3.22 Field-dependent work function 632

    A3.23 Digitizing an image file 632

    A3.24 Lattice gas algorithm 633

    A3.25 Evaluation of the point charge model functions 636

    A3.26 Modeling of field emitter I(V) data 638

    A3.27 Modeling a log-normal distribution of field emitters 640

    A3.28 Simple shell and sphere algorithm 643

    A3.29 Gyftopoulos-Levine work function algorithm 645

    A3.30 Poisson distributions 648

    A3.31 Electron-electron relaxation time 650

    A3.32 Resistivity and the Debye temperature 651

    A3.33 Orbits in a magnetic field 655

    A3.34 Trajectory of a harmonic oscillator 657

    A3.35 Trajectories for emission from a hemisphere 658

    A3.36 Monte Carlo and integration 660

    References 663

    Index 683