1.1 Anatomy Defined 2
1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems 3
1.3 Life Processes 9
1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology 9
1.5 Body Cavities 14
1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18
1.7 The Human Body and Disease 19
1.8 Aging 20
1.9 Medical Imaging 20
1.10 Measuring the Human Body 23
Chapter Review and Resource Summary 23 / Critical Thinking Questions 25 / Answers to Figure Questions 25
CELLS 26
2.1 A Generalized Cell 27
2.2 The Plasma Membrane 28
2.3 Cytoplasm 33
2.4 Nucleus 42
2.5 Cell Division 43
2.6 Cellular Diversity 51
2.7 Aging and Cells 52
TISSUE 58
3.1 Types of Tissues 59
3.2 Cell Junctions 60
3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 61
3.4 Epithelial Tissue 62
3.6 Membranes 85
3.7 Muscular Tissue 87
3.8 Nervous Tissue 89
3.9 Aging and Tissues 89
DEVELOPMENT 94
4.1 Principles of Development 95
4.2 Embryonic Period 96
4.3 Fetal Period 111
4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 113
4.5 Labor 114
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 118
5.1 Structure of the Skin 119
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 127
5.3 Types of Skin 134
5.4 Functions of the Skin 135
5.5 Development of the Integumentary System 136
5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System 138
BONE TISSUE 142
6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 143
6.2 Types of Bones 143
6.3 Anatomy of a Bone 144
6.4 Bone Surface Markings 145
6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue 146
6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150
6.7 Bone Formation 151
6.8 Fractures 158
6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue 161
6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue 161
6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 161
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETAL 166
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 167
7.2 Skull 169
7.3 Hyoid Bone 196
7.4 Vertebral Column 197
7.5 Thorax 210
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 216
8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 217
8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 230
8.3 False and True Pelves 235
8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 236
8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 236
8.6 Development of the Skeletal System 246
JOINTS 250
9.1 Joint Classifications 251
9.2 Fibrous Joints 252
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 253
9.4 Synovial Joints 254
9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 256
9.6 Types of Synovial Joints 261
9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 264
9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 265
9.9 Aging and Joints 281
MUSCULAR TISSUE 286
10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 287
10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure 288
10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function 296
10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 303
10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 305
10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 305
10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 307
10.8 Development of Muscles 309
10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 310
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 314
11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 315
11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 320
11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles 320
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 418
12.1 Functions of Blood 419
12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 419
12.3 Components of Blood 419
12.4 Formation of Blood Cells 422
12.5 Red Blood Cells 425
12.6 White Blood Cells 428
12.7 Platelets 430
12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 431
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 435
13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 436
13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart 438
13.3 Circulation of Blood 447
13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation 451
13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 453
13.6 Heart Sounds 453
13.7 Exercise and the Heart 454
13.8 Development of the Heart 458
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 463
14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 464
14.2 Circulatory Routes-Systemic Circulation 472
14.3 Circulatory Routes-Hepatic Portal Circulation 511
14.4 Circulatory Routes-Pulmonary Circulation 512
14.5 Circulatory Routes-Fetal Circulation 513
14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 515
14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 516
THE LYMPHATIC (LYMPHOID) SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 520
15.1 The Concept of Immunity 521
15.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions 521
15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 523
15.4 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 526
15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 531
15.6 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 542
15.7 Aging and the Lymphatic System 542
NERVOUS TISSUE 546
16.1 Overview of the Nervous System 547
16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons 548
16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia 555
16.4 Neural Circuits 558
16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 560
THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES 563
17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 564
17.2 Spinal Nerves 569
17.3 Spinal Cord Functions 584
THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES 589
18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain 590
18.2 Protection and Blood Supply 593
18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 599
18.4 The Cerebellum 604
18.5 The Diencephalon 604
18.6 The Cerebrum 608
18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 614
18.8 Aging and the Nervous System 618
18.9 Cranial Nerves 618
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 636
19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 637
19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 639
19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Division 643
19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 646
19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 650
19.6 Functions of the ANS 651
19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 655
SOMATIC SENSES AND MOTOR CONTROL 658
20.1 Overview of Sensations 659
20.2 Somatic Sensations 660
20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 666
20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways 669
20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 675
SPECIAL SENSES 678
21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 679
21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 681
21.3 Vision 683
21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 693
21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears 707
21.6 Aging and the Special Senses 709
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 712
22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined 713
22.2 Hormones 713
22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 715
22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus 719
22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 720
22.6 Adrenal Glands 723
22.7 Pancreas 726
22.8 Ovaries and Testes 728
22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues 729
22.10 Development of the Endocrine System 730
22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System 731
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 735
23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy 736
23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy 736
23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy 741
23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 757
23.5 Regulation of Breathing 758
23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System 761
23.7 Development of the Respiratory System 762
23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 763
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 766
24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 767
24.2 Layers of the GI Tract 768
24.3 Peritoneum 770
24.4 Mouth 772
24.5 Pharynx 779
24.6 Esophagus 779
24.7 Stomach 781
24.8 Pancreas 786
24.9 Liver and Gallbladder 788
24.10 Small Intestine 793
24.11 Large Intestine 800
24.12 Development of the Digestive System 805
24.13 Aging and the Digestive System 806
THE URINARY SYSTEM 810
25.1 Overview of the Urinary System 811
25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 813
25.3 The Nephron 817
25.4 Functions of Nephrons 822
25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 825
25.6 Development of the Urinary System 831
25.7 Aging and the Urinary System 832
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835
26.1 Male Reproductive System 836
26.2 Female Reproductive System 849
26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 866
26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 870
26.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems 872
26.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 874
SURFACE ANATOMY 880
27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy 881
Chapter Review and Resource Summary 903 / Critical Thinking Questions 904 / Answers to Figure Questions 904
APPENDIX A Measurements A-1
APPENDIX B Answers A-2
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
