Investigating phloem structure
1. Three-dimensional visualization of phloem cells by whole-mount staining
2. How to minimize artifacts in transmission electron microscopy of the phloem
3. Scanning electron microscopy of sieve elements
4. Non-invasive investigation of phloem structure by 3D synchrotron X-ray microtomography
5. Optimal preparation of phloem tissue sections for light-microscopic analysis
6. Quantification of foliar phloem infrastructure with light and electron microscopy
Identification, localization and characterization of phloem proteins
7. Super-resolution microscopy of phloem proteins
8. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently-tagged phloem proteins with confocal microscopy
9. Proteomic analysis of proteins in the phloem sap
10. Proteomic analysis of membrane bound and -associated proteins in the phloem
11. Electrophysiological characterization of sugar transporters in Xenopus oocytes and membrane vesicles
12. Investigating the regulation of sucrose transporters by heterologous expression in yeast
13. Resolving the transport cycle of sugar transporters by voltage clamp fluorometry
14. Correlative imaging of sieve elements and proteins localized within
15. Immunohistochemical localization of proteins in the phloem
Sampling of phloem sap
16. A critical view on studying phloem loading by the EDTA-facilitated exudation technique
17. Sampling phloem sap with aphids
18. Phloem sap metabolomics
19. Quantification of non-structural carbohydrates in the secondary phloem of trees
Non-invasive measurement of phloem transport
20. Extracting the phloem-generated turgor signal from stem diameter measurements to analyze phloem transport in the field
21. Using 13C to quantify phloem transport in the field
22. Detecting rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning with 11C
23. Measuring phloem transport speed and volume with magnetic resonance imaging
24. Visualizing phloem transport of ions and photoassimilates with a real-time radioisotope imaging system
25. Studying phloem transport with small fluorescent tracers
26. Non-invasive determination of phloem transport speed with 14C
27. Studying transport routes and translocation dynamics of recently fixed photoassimilates with combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)
Phloem loading and unloading
28. How to determine the phloem loading type of a plant
29. Quantification of symplasmic phloem loading and unloading capacity with photoactivation microscopy
30. Determination of sub-cellular sugar concentrations in relation to phloem loading and unloading
31. Testing the influence of candidate genes on phloem loading in monocots
32. Determining the mechanism of phloem unloading in fruit
33. Overview: Techniques for the genetic manipulation of phloem loading
Phloem physiology
34. Measuring pressure inside the phloem
35. Non-invasive measurement of phloem sap viscosity
36. Evaluating the influence of water stress on phloem transport capacity
37. Overview: How to assess the role of phloem transport in the plant’s response to environmental factors
Theoretical models and microfluidics of phloem function
38. Gaining insights on tree physiology from a theoretical model that integrates phloem and xylem function
39. Using a multi-compartmental metabolic model to predict carbon allocation in Arabidopsis thaliana
40. Making microfluidic devices that simulate phloem transport
41. Using a resistance model of phloem transport to evaluate anatomical optimization for pressure-driven flow and predicting transport speed
42. A mechanistic model to predict distribution of carbon among multiple sinks
43. Using a mathematical model of phloem transport to optimize strategies for crop improvement
Detecting signals in the phloem
44. A strategy to avoid false-positives when searching for phloem-mobile RNAs
45. Detecting Ca2+ signals along the phloem pathway in intact plants
46. Assessing the redox status of phloem proteins
47. Identification of herbivore-induced electrical signals that propagate along the phloem
48. Efficient establishment of homo- and heterografts
49. Identification of phloem-mobile mRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana
50. Analyzing and predicting the phloem mobility of macromolecules with an online database
51. Camera-based high-resolution measurement of electrical activity in the phloem
Phloem development
52. Overview: the tools to study phloem development
53. Identification of molecular processes during phloem formation through transcriptomics
54. A vascular cell induction culture system to study sieve elements differentiation in vitro
55. Measuring phloem transport of auxin and cytokinin in relation to phloem development
56. Investigating the role of phospholipid signaling in phloem cell differentiation with the help of radiolabeled lipids
57. Bioinformatic classification of RNAseq reads to investigate the development of phloem connections between parasitic and host plants
58. Studying phloem development in nematode-induced feeding sites
Miscellaneous
59. The AtSUC2 promoter: Powerful tool to study phloem physiology and development
60. How to assess the importance of transcription factors for sieve element evolution
