Preface xv
1 Human Nutrition and Supplements 1
Mahak Sharma, Divya Sanghi and Ankita Sharma
1.1 Dietary Supplements -- Introduction 1
1.2 Global History of Dietary Supplements 2
1.3 Usage of Dietary Supplements 3
1.4 Types of Dietary Supplements 3
1.4.1 Natural Dietary Supplements 3
1.4.2 Semi-Synthetic Supplements 3
1.4.3 Synthetic Supplements 4
1.5 Nutritional Adequacy and Dietary Diversity 4
1.6 Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements 5
1.7 Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Health Benefits 6
1.8 Zinc Supplementation and Health Benefits 7
1.9 Iron Supplementation and Health Benefits 9
1.10 Dietary Supplements and Sports 12
1.11 Dietary Supplements and FDA 14
1.12 Dietary Supplements and Toxicity 14
2 Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics 21
Vikram Kumar, Ananya Rana, Prajakta Jagtap, Tejpal Dhewa and Neetu Kumra Taneja
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Prebiotics and Its Types 24
2.3 Probiotics 28
2.4 Synbiotics 35
2.5 Encapsulation of Probiotics 36
2.6 Probiotic Foods Developed 45
3 Mechanistic Insights of Dietary Modulation on Gut Microflora and Associated Physiological Changes 63
Aarti Yadav, S. Hamsa, Ruby Tiwari, Asha Bharti, Tejpal Dhewa, Rekha Mehrotra and Preeti Verma
3.1 Introduction to Flora in the GIT Tract of Humans-Genus Metabolites 64
3.2 Association of Gut Flora and its Impact on Human Health and Associated Diseases 69
3.3 Dietary Modulation of Gut Flora for Therapeutic Usage 74
3.4 Data from Human and Animal Studies 75
3.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion 78
4 Nutritional Profile, Functional Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Potential Application of Edible Gum (Gond) 83
Anju Kundalia, Angel Mishra, Chanchal Rani, Deepti Gupta, Kalpana Gautam, K.M. Sushma and Murlidhar Meghwal
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Nutritional Facts of Gond 84
4.3 Properties of Gond 85
4.4 Biological Sources of Gond 86
4.5 Geographical Sources of Gond 86
4.6 Benefits of Gond 86
4.7 Other Uses of Gond 97
5 Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Nutritional Aspects and Their Role in Health and Diseases 103
Shriya Bhatt, Rashim Kumari, Deepika, Rajni Chopra, Tejpal Dhewa and Anita Kumari
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Nomenclature and Types of Omega-3 Fatty Acids 105
5.3 Food Sources and Supplements 106
5.4 Intake and Safety of Fatty Acids 111
5.5 Health Benefits 112
5.6 Conclusion 114
6 Role of Fermented Dairy Products in Enhancing Immunity 117
Vaishali Dasriya, Soniya Ranveer, Rudrakshi Bajaj, Aakash Sharma, Yugal Dasriya and Harmeet Singh Dhillon
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Immune Enhancing Potential of Fermented Foods: Mechanism 119
6.3 Fermented Dairy Products Modulators of Intestinal Microbiota 121
6.4 Fermented Dairy Products Modulate Immune System 121
6.5 Future Trends 127
6.6 Conclusion 127
7 Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Systems: An Overview 135
Sunny Dhiman, Prachi Singh, Anu Kumar and Gunjan Mukherjee
7.1 Introduction 136
7.2 Natural Self-Assembled Food Nanostructures 136
7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles Applied in Food Industry 137
7.4 Potential Applications: Nanotechnology in Food Industry 140
7.5 Nanotoxicity and Health Hazards 152
7.6 Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Regulatory Issues and Challenges 153
7.7 Food Nanotech: Future Prospects and Conclusion 154
8 Nutritional Biomarkers in Metabolic Disorders 165
Komal Dagar, Mrinal Samtiya, Veda Krishnan, Sunil K. Srivastava, Ananya Rana, Anita Kumari, Sanjeev Kumar and Tejpal Dhewa
8.1 Introduction 166
8.2 Metabolic Syndrome 168
8.3 Nutritional Biomarkers (NB) 169
8.4 Factors Affecting the Specificity and Utility of Nutritional Biomarkers 173
8.5 Role of Different Nutritional Biomarkers (Serum Biomarkers) in Different Metabolic Syndromes 175
8.6 Novel Biomarkers 184
8.7 Various Analytical Techniques Related to Different Nutritional Biomarkers 185
8.8 Level of Biomarkers in Extreme Coronavirus Infection 188
8.9 Health Biomarkers 189
8.10 Concept of Omics in Development of New and Integrative Nutritional Biomarkers 189
8.11 Limitations and Challenges in the Field of Nutritional Biomarkers 190
8.12 Future Directions and Perspectives 191
8.13 Conclusions 191
9 Food Safety and Quality Assurance in the Food Chain: Focus on Foodborne Outbreaks 199
Pierina Visciano and Maria Schirone
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Classification of Foodborne Diseases by Symptomatology 201
9.3 The EFSA-ECDC Reports on Zoonoses and Foodborne Outbreaks 204
9.4 The Notifications from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed Portal 207
9.5 Conclusions 221
10 Emerging Techniques in Food Preservation 223
Sunita Aggarwal and Shalini Sehgal
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 High-Pressure Processing (HPP) 225
10.3 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Processing 232
10.4 Pulsed Light Technology (PLT) 234
10.5 Ultrasound Food Processing 235
10.6 Ohmic Heating of Food 236
10.7 Cold Plasma 236
10.8 Oscillating Magnetic Field (OMF) 237
10.9 Higher Pressure Thermal (HPT) Processing 237
10.10 Bacteriocins 239
10.11 Dielectric Heating Using Radio Waves 239
10.12 Microwave 240
10.13 Irradiation 240
10.13.1 Ionizing Radiations 241
10.13.2 Non-Ionizing Radiations 242
10.14 Conclusion 243
11 Food Omics and Its Implications in Nutritional Sciences 245
Somnath Mandal, Nandita Sahana, Ramesh S.V. and Veda Krishnan
11.1 Food Omics: An Overview 245
11.2 Techniques in Food Omics 246
11.3 Food Omics Studies & Their Challenges 255
11.4 Food Omics: A Platform to Investigate Health Benefits 261
12 Consumer Viewpoints Regarding Food and Risk Assessment 273
Ananya Rana, Shivangi Mishra, Komal Soni, Mrinal Samtiya, Neetu Kumra Taneja and Tejpal Dhewa
12.1 Introduction 274
12.2 Food Safety 277
12.3 Food Standards and Regulations in India 280
12.4 The Key Terms Involved in Risk Management 282
12.5 The Fundamental Principles of Food Safety Risk Management 284
12.6 Types of Food Risks 285
12.7 Factors that Modulate Consumers' Perception of Risk 287
12.8 Conclusion 288
13 Application of Nanomaterials in Detection of Food Contaminants: A Food Safety Perspective 295
Sunny Dhiman, Prachi Singh, Anu Kumar and Gunjan Mukherjee
13.1 Introduction 295
13.2 Global Scenario from Food Safety Perspective 296
13.3 Current Food Safety Strategies and Food Safety 297
13.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Detection of Food Contaminants 298
13.5 Advancements in Nano-Biosensing of Food Contaminants 304
13.6 Potential Risks and Future Prospects of Nanomaterials in Food Safety 308
13.7 Conclusions 308
14 Food Allergy and Food Intolerance 317
Sunita Aggarwal
14.1 Introduction 318
14.2 Food Allergy and Food Intolerance 318
14.3 Food Allergens 320
14.4 Types of Food Allergy 323
14.5 Mechanism of Food Allergy 324
14.6 Risk Factors Involved in Food Allergy 326
14.7 Symptoms of Food Allergy 326
14.8 Diagnosis of Food Allergy 328
14.9 Treatment of Food Allergy 330
14.10 Food Intolerance 332
14.11 Conclusion 332
15 Molecular Nutrition and Nutrient--Gene Interactions 335
S. Hamsa, Aarti Yadav, Ruby Tiwari and Tejpal Dhewa
15.1 Introduction 336
15.2 Molecular Nutrition: Understanding Basic Mechanisms 337
15.3 Nutrigenetics 340
15.4 Nutrigenomics 343
15.5 Nutriepigenomics 344
15.6 Nutrimetabolomics 345
15.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 346
16 Food Metabolism and Chronic Diseases 355
Ruby Tiwari, Aarti Yadav, S. Hamsa and Tejpal Dhewa
16.1 Introduction 356
16.2 Food Metabolism and Associated Diseases 357
16.3 Nutrient Intake Goals for Preventing Diet-Related Chronic Disease 366
16.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 369
17 Nanomaterials in Food System 383
Anu Kumar, Bhanu Krishan, Sunny Dhiman and Tejpal Dhewa
17.1 Introduction 383
17.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Tool 385
17.3 Nanomaterials in Food Industry 386
17.3.1 Nanosensors 387
17.3.2 Nanoparticles 388
17.3.3 Nanofilms and Nanocomposites 389
17.3.4 Liposomes 389
17.3.5 Nanotubes and Nanofibers 389
17.4 Conclusion 390
References 391
About the Editors 395
Index 397
