Preface xv
Part 1: Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photo-Supercapacitors 1
1 Photosupercapacitor 3
Mohamad Mohsen Momeni and Hossein Mohammadzadeh Aydisheh
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Photosupercapacitors 6
1.3 Designs and Principles of Photosupercapacitor 6
1.3.1 Three-Electrode Systems 7
1.3.2 Two-Electrode Systems (Photosupercapacitor Devices) 8
1.3.2.1 Tandem Photosupercapacitors (Type I) 8
1.3.2.2 Components of the Tandem Photosupercapacitors 9
1.3.2.3 Type II: Photoelectrode and Supercapacitor Integrated Into One Single 10
References 26
2 Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors 31
Nirmal Roy, Nandlal Pingua and Rupam Sinha
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Applications of Photorechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors 34
2.3 Working Principles 36
2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cells 37
2.3.2 Supercapacitors 39
2.3.3 Integrated Photosupercapacitor 42
2.4 Techniques for Performance Analysis 44
2.5 Future Prospect and Conclusions 47
References 50
3 Role of Photoactive Materials in Photo-Supercapacitors 55
Esakkimuthu Shanmugasundaram, Suganya Bharathi Balakrishnan, Amos Ravi and Stalin Thambusamy
Abbreviations 56
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Working Principle of Photo-Supercapacitors 60
3.3 Basic Components of Photo-Supercapacitors 60
3.3.1 Photoanode Materials in Solar Cells 61
3.3.2 Electrolytes in Solar Cells 62
3.3.3 Counter and Collector Materials in SCs 62
3.3.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Electrodes 62
3.3.3.2 Polymer-Based Electrodes 65
3.3.4 Photoactive Materials in Solar Cell 68
3.3.4.1 Dyes as a Photoactive Material 68
3.3.4.2 Polymers as a Photoactive Material 70
3.3.4.3 Perovskite Materials as a Photoactive Material 71
3.3.4.4 Quantum Dot Materials as a Photoactive Material 72
3.4 Conclusions 73
References 74
Part 2: Solar Rechargeable Batteries and Hybrid Devices 83
4 Photo-Rechargeable All-Solid-State Batteries Based on Photoelectrochemistry and Solid-State Ionics 85
Kenta Watanabe and Masaaki Hirayama
4.1 Introduction: Problems of Research on Photo-Rechargeable Batteries 86
4.2 General Principles of Photoelectrochemical Reactions Using Semiconductor Electrodes 86
4.2.1 Under Dark Conditions 87
4.2.2 Under Light Irradiation 89
4.2.3 Photoelectrochemical Reactions without External Voltages 91
4.3 ASSBs Using Ionic Conductors as Solid Electrolytes 94
4.3.1 Bulk Type 95
4.3.2 Thin-Film Type 96
4.4 Photo-Rechargeable ASSBs 97
References 99
5 Novel Hybrid Perovskites and Inorganic Semiconductors for Photorechargeable Li-Ion Battery Photoelectrodes 105
Shubham Chamola, Rashid M. Ansari and Shahab Ahmad
5.1 Introduction 106
5.1.1 Photorechargeable Battery 108
5.2 MHPs and TMOs as Active Materials for PRBs 113
5.2.1 Metal Halide Perovskites for PRBs 113
5.2.1.1 2D Perovskite of Type (C6 H9 C2 H4 NH3) 2 PbI 4 and Double Perovskite of Type Cs2 Bi2 I9 Nanosheets for Li-PRBs 114
5.2.1.2 Quasi 2D RP Perovskite and MoS 2 -Based Hybrid Heterojunction for Li-PRBs 118
5.2.2 Inorganic Photoactive Materials for Li-PRBs 122
5.2.2.1 Fe2 O3 -Based Li-PRBs 123
5.2.2.2 Sb2 S3 -Based Li-PRBs 128
5.3 Conclusions 131
Acknowledgments 133
References 133
6 2D Materials for Solar-Assisted Hybrid Energy Storage Devices: Photo-Supercapacitors 143
Yasar Ozkan Yesilbag, Fatma Nur Tuzluca Yesilbag, Ahmad Huseyin, Ahmed Jalal Salih Salih and Mehmet Ertugrul
6.1 Introduction 144
6.2 Fundamental Components of PSCs 146
6.2.1 Solar Cells 146
6.2.2 Supercapacitors 151
6.2.3 Photo-Supercapacitors 152
6.2.4 Efficiency and Factors Affecting Performance 153
6.2.5 Two-Electrode PSCs 155
6.2.6 Three-Electrode PSCs 155
6.2.7 Classification of Planar/Uniaxial PSCs 156
6.2.7.1 Planar/Uniaxial PSCs Based on DSSC 156
6.2.7.2 Flexible Single-Layer Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Quantum Dot Solar 159
6.2.7.3 Flexible Perovskite-Based Solar Cell Photo-Supercapacitor 161
6.2.8 2D Materials for Photo-Supercapacitors 162
References 169
Part 3: Solar-Asisted Integrated Systems 175
7 Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Energy: Exploring the Role of Supercapacitors in Enhancing Energy Storage Efficiency of Photovoltaic Systems 177
R.H.M.D. Premasiri, P.L.A.K. Piyumal, A.L.A.K. Ranaweera and S.R.D. Kalingamudali
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 Overview of Sustainable Energy Systems 178
7.1.1.1 Importance of Transitioning to Sustainable Energy 178
7.1.1.2 Current Trends and Global Initiatives 180
7.1.2 The Role of PV Systems in Sustainable Energy 181
7.1.2.1 Basics of PV Technology 181
7.1.2.2 The Potential of PV Systems to Meet Future Energy Demands 183
7.1.3 Challenges in PV Systems 184
7.1.3.1 Fluctuating Irradiance 184
7.1.3.2 Available Storage Solutions 186
7.2 Fundamentals of SCs 190
7.2.1 Overview of SC Technology 190
7.2.1.1 Structure and Working Principles of SCs 190
7.2.1.2 Classification and Materials Used in SC Construction 191
7.2.2 Comparison with Traditional Capacitors and Batteries 193
7.2.2.1 Differences in Energy and Power Density 193
7.2.2.2 Lifecycle and Durability Comparisons with Batteries 195
7.2.3 Advantages of SCs 195
7.2.3.1 High-Power Density and Rapid Charging 195
7.2.3.2 Longevity and Low Maintenance Requirements 195
7.2.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Chemical Batteries 196
7.3 Integration of SCs in PV Systems 196
7.3.1 Addressing Instability in PV Systems 196
7.3.1.1 How SCs Mitigate the Effects of Fluctuating Irradiance 196
7.3.1.2 Role in Stabilizing Voltage and Improving Power Quality 198
7.3.2 Role of SCs in Energy Storage 200
7.3.2.1 Short-Term Vs. Long-Term Energy Storage Needs in PV Systems 200
7.3.2.2 How SCs Complement Traditional Batteries 201
7.3.3 Enhancing System Reliability and Efficiency 202
7.3.3.1 Case Studies of Reliability Improvements with SC Integration 202
7.3.3.2 Quantitative Benefits in Terms of System Efficiency and Uptime 203
7.4 Advanced Techniques in SC-PV Integration 205
7.4.1 SCALOM Technique 205
7.4.1.1 Advantages of SCALOM in PV Systems 206
7.4.2 SCALDO Technique 207
7.4.3 Design Considerations for Parallel Integration 209
7.4.4 Efficiency Improvements through Energy Harvesting and Waste Reduction 210
7.5 Applications Beyond PV Systems 210
7.5.1 SCs in EVs 210
7.5.1.1 Role in Regenerative Braking Systems 211
7.5.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Reliance on Batteries 212
7.5.1.3 Present Innovations with SCs for EVs 214
7.5.1.4 Future Trends in EV SC Technology 214
7.5.2 SCs in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems 215
7.5.2.1 Importance of Power Density and Rapid Discharge Capabilities 215
7.5.2.2 Use Cases in Critical Power Applications 216
7.5.3 SCs in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices 216
7.5.3.1 Power Management for Smart Sensors and Wearable Devices 216
7.5.3.2 Advantages of Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life in IoT Applications 217
7.5.3.3 Integration Challenges and Potential Solutions 218
7.6 Challenges and Limitations 219
7.6.1 Technical Challenges in SC Integration 219
7.6.1.1 Issues Related to Scalability and Cost 220
7.6.1.2 Integration Challenges with Existing PV Infrastructure 220
7.6.2 Economic Considerations 221
7.6.2.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis of SC Integration 221
7.6.2.2 Potential for Cost Reduction through Technological Advancements 221
7.6.3 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Concerns 222
7.6.3.1 Lifecycle Analysis of SCs 222
7.6.3.2 Disposal and Recycling Challenges 223
7.6.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Alternative Storage Solutions 223
7.7 Future Prospects and Technological Advancements 224
7.7.1 Innovations in SC Technology 224
7.7.1.1 Emerging Materials and Fabrication Techniques 224
7.7.1.2 Advances in Energy Density and Charge-Discharge Efficiency 225
7.7.2 Potential Developments in PV Systems and Energy Storage 226
7.7.2.1 Integration with Other Renewable Energy Sources 226
7.7.2.2 Future Trends in Distributed Energy Storage 228
7.7.3 The Role of SCs in Future Energy Systems 229
7.7.3.1 Potential for SCs in Grid-Level Energy Storage 229
7.7.3.2 Contribution to Smart Grids and Microgrids 230
7.8 Conclusion 230
Acknowledgments 231
References 231
8 A Combination of Energy Conversion and Storage: A Solar-Driven Supercapacitor 243
Mohammed Arkham Belgami and Chandra Sekhar Rout
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 What are Photosupercapacitors 245
8.2.1 Major Components of PSCs 246
8.2.1.1 Solar Cell 246
8.2.1.2 Supercapacitor 249
8.3 Different Integration Methods of PSCs 252
8.3.1 PSCs Involving DSSC-Based Charging Unit 252
8.3.2 PSCs Involving OPV-Based Charging Unit 255
8.3.3 PSCs Involving Perovskites-Based Charging Unit 257
8.4 Efficiency of PSCs 259
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 262
References 262
9 Exploring the Potential of a Battery-Assisted Solar Cooking System 267
Mohammed Hmich, Bilal Zoukarh, Sara Chadli, Rachid Malek, Olivier Deblecker, Khalil Kassmi and Najib Bachiri
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Innovative Cooker Structure 270
9.2.1 Specifications 270
9.2.2 System Schematic 271
9.3 Cooker Design and Operation 273
9.3.1 Solar Cooker Test with Battery Storage 273
9.3.1.1 Weather Station 273
9.3.1.2 Measurement Bench 275
9.3.2 Measurement Results and Discussion 276
9.3.2.1 Battery Charging by Photovoltaic Panels 277
9.3.2.2 Solar Vacuum Cooker 278
9.3.2.3 Water Heating 280
9.4 Conclusion 283
Acknowledgments 284
References 284
Part 4: Photoelectrochemical Batteries and Perovskite-Based Photo Supercapacitors 289
10 Solar Flow Batteries 291
Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagoz, Ecenaz Yaman, Mehmet Kurt, Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir
10.1 Introduction 292
10.1.1 Solar Flow Battery Concept 293
10.1.2 Energy Conversion Equations 294
10.2 Photocathodes for SRFBs 296
10.3 Configuration 299
10.3.1 Single Photoelectrode with RFB Systems 302
10.3.2 Dual Photoelectrode Systems with RFB 303
10.3.3 Metallic Lithium Anode-Based SRFB Systems 304
10.4 Counter Electrodes 305
10.4.1 Semiconductors as Counter Electrodes 306
10.4.2 Carbon-Based Counter Electrodes 307
10.5 Electrolyte 309
10.5.1 Inorganic-Inorganic 312
10.5.2 Organic-Inorganic 314
10.5.3 Organic-Organic 314
10.6 Membrane Separators 315
10.7 Electrochemical Characterization of an SFB 323
10.7.1 Performance Evaluation 323
10.7.2 State of Charge 326
10.7.3 cv Measurements 327
10.7.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 328
10.7.5 Mott-Schottky Methods 332
10.8 Conclusion 334
References 336
11 Perovskite-Based Photo-Supercapacitors as Self-Charging and Energy Storage Devices 351
Muhamad Yudatama Perdana, Abdurrahman Imam, Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Ahmar Ali and Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed
11.1 Introduction 352
11.2 Perovskite Materials 353
11.2.1 Classification of MHPs 353
11.2.1.1 By Composition 353
11.2.1.2 By Dimensionality 357
11.2.1.3 By Crystal Symmetry 358
11.2.1.4 By Stability 358
11.2.2 Perovskite Properties as a Light Absorber 358
11.2.2.1 High Absorption Coefficients 358
11.2.2.2 Bandgap Tunability 359
11.2.2.3 High Charge Carrier Mobility 360
11.2.2.4 Long Carrier Diffusion Lengths (Ldiff) 362
11.3 Perovskite Materials for Photo-Supercapacitor 364
11.4 Some Studies on Light-Induced SC 366
11.4.1 Work Mechanism under Dark Condition 366
11.4.2 Working Principle under Light Environment 367
11.4.3 Electrochemical Analysis on Photo-Supercapacitor 368
11.5 Conclusions 378
Acknowledgment 379
References 379
12 Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Perovskite Materials 389
Tanuj Kumar and Monojit Bag
12.1 Introduction 390
12.2 Storage Mechanism of the SCs 393
12.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 394
12.2.2 Pseudocapacitors 396
12.2.3 Hybrid SCs 396
12.3 Type of Integration of PV Unit with the SCs 396
12.3.1 Conventional Integration (External Integration, Isolated Integration) 396
12.3.2 Monolithic Integration (Advance Integration) 398
12.4 Characteristic Parameters in Photo-Supercapacitors 398
12.4.1 Parameters Used for the Storage Unit (SCs) 398
12.4.1.1 Using the Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) Cycles 398
12.4.1.2 Using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Curve 399
12.4.1.3 Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 400
12.4.2 Parameters Used for the PVs 400
12.4.3 Parameters Used for the Integrated Device 401
12.5 External Integration 401
12.6 Monolithic Integration 404
12.6.1 Three-Electrode Integration 404
12.6.1.1 Organometal Halide Perovskite (OHP) Based PV Integration 404
12.6.1.2 Mixed-Halide Mixed-Cation Perovskite (MCMHs) Based PV Integration: Impact of the ETL on the Overall Storage Conversion Efficiency 406
12.6.1.3 All-Inorganic Perovskite (AIP) Based PV Integration 408
12.6.1.4 All Transparent Electrode-Based Integration for the Application of Pvcc 411
12.7 Two-Electrode Integration 411
12.7.1 Non-Flexible Integrated Device 411
12.7.2 Flexible Integrated Device 412
12.8 Photorechargeable SC (Dual Functional Electrode) 413
12.9 Applications of the Integrated Photo-Supercapacitors 415
12.10 Conclusion 415
References 416
Index 423
