Preface xvii
Part 1: Safety and Regulatory Aspects for Disease Pre-Screening 1
1 A Study of Possible AI Aversion in Healthcare Consumers 3
Tanupriya Mukherjee and Anusriya Mukherjee
1.1 Introduction to AI in Healthcare 4
1.1.1 The Role of AI in Transforming Healthcare 5
1.1.2 The Unfolding Paradigm: Potential Benefits and Challenges of AI Implementation in Healthcare 6
1.1.3 Overview of Consumer Receptivity Towards AI in Medicine: A Comparative Analysis 7
1.2 Consumer Reluctance to Utilize AI in Healthcare: Present Scenario 8
1.2.1 Top Factors Influencing Consumer Resistance to Medical AI 10
1.2.2 Uncovering the Psychological Barriers and Concerns Associated with AI Adoption in Healthcare 11
1.2.3 Case Studies and Research Findings on Consumer Aversion to AI-Based Healthcare Services 13
1.2.4 Impact on Consumer Decision-Making 14
1.2.5 Effects of AI Aversion on Consumer Decision-Making Processes: An Analysis 15
1.2.6 Understanding How Consumer Perceptions Influence Their Choice Between Human and AI Healthcare Providers 15
1.2.7 Exploring Role of Trust, Perceived Competence and Empathy in Consumer Preferences 16
1.3 Economic Implications of AI Aversion 17
1.3.1 Investigating Influence of AI Aversion on Consumer Willingness to Pay for Healthcare Services 19
1.3.2 Influence of Patient Education on AI Aversion in Healthcare 19
1.3.3 Influence of Patient Awareness on AI Aversion in Healthcare 21
1.3.4 Influence of Age of Patient on AI Aversion in Healthcare 21
1.4 Overcoming Resistance to Medical AI 22
1.4.1 Strategies for Enhancing Consumer Trust and Acceptance of AI in Healthcare 23
1.4.2 Approaches to Alleviate Consumer Concerns and Misconceptions: Communication and Education 24
1.4.3 Cases of Successful Implementation of AI Technologies in Healthcare and Lessons Learned 25
1.5 Ethical Considerations and Governance 26
1.5.1 Regulatory Frameworks for Ethical AI Operations to Fight Aversion in Healthcare Consumers 27
1.5.2 Addressing the Potential Cost-Effectiveness and Affordability Concerns Associated with AI-Based Healthcare Solutions 28
1.5.3 Balancing Privacy, Data Protection and Need for Transparency in AI Healthcare Applications 29
1.6 Future Outlook and Opportunities 31
1.6.1 The Future of AI in Healthcare and Its Impact on Consumer Aversion 32
1.6.2 Exploring Emerging Technologies and Trends That May Alleviate Consumer Concerns 33
1.6.3 Opportunities for Collaboration Between AI Developers, Healthcare Providers, and Consumers 34
1.6.4 Summary of Key Findings on Consumer Aversion to AI in Healthcare 35
1.6.5 Implications for Healthcare Practitioners, Policymakers and Researchers 36
1.7 Conclusion 37
References 38
2 A Study of AI Application Through Integrated and Systematic Moral Cognitive Therapy in the Healthcare Sector 47
Anusriya Mukherjee, Tanupriya Mukherjee and Mili Mitra Roy
2.1 Introduction 48
2.1.1 Understanding the Role of AI in Healthcare 49
2.1.2 Advantages of AI in Healthcare 50
2.1.3 Moral Dilemmas and AI-Based Healthcare 52
2.2 What is Integrated and Systematic Moral Cognitive Therapy (ISMCT)? 54
2.2.1 Integrating Moral Cognitive Therapy with AI 55
2.2.2 Alignment of Moral Cognitive Therapy Principles with AI Applications 56
2.2.3 Benefits of Integrated and Systematic Moral Cognitive Therapy 57
2.2.4 Applications of AI-Integrated Moral Cognitive Therapy in Healthcare 58
2.3 The Role of AI in Healthcare: A Fine Balance Between Ethics and Innovation 61
2.3.1 Humanizing Healthcare: Towards an AI-ISMCT 62
2.3.2 Synergized AI and ISMCT 63
2.3.3 Case Study and Success Stories 64
2.4 Advancing Research in AI-Integrated Moral Cognitive Therapy 67
2.4.1 Collaborative Efforts Between Healthcare Professionals and AI Developers 68
2.4.2 Implications for Policy and Regulatory Frameworks 69
2.5 Conclusion 70
References 70
3 A Strategic Model to Control Non-Communicable Diseases 77
Soumik Gangopadhyay, Amitava Ukil, Soma Sur and Saugat Ghosh
3.1 Introduction 78
3.1.1 India and NCDs 78
3.2 Survey of Literature 84
3.2.1 Factors Contributing to the Growth of NCDs 84
3.2.2 Lifestyle Modification - A Strategic Role in Mitigation of NCD 85
3.2.3 Policy to Control NCDs 86
3.3 Proposed Model 87
3.3.1 Registration and Information Centre (RIC) 88
3.3.2 Integration Centre (IIC) 88
3.3.3 Strategic Review Centre (SRC) 89
3.3.4 Expected Outcome of the Proposed Model 90
3.4 Conclusion 91
References 92
4 Image Compression Technique Using Color Filter Array (CFA) for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment 99
Indrani Dalui, Avisek Chatterjee, Surajit Goon and Pubali Das Sarkar
4.1 Introduction 100
4.1.1 Color Filter Array 100
4.1.2 Electronic Health Record (EHR) 101
4.2 Related Works 102
4.3 Proposed Model 108
4.4 Implementation 110
4.5 Results 111
4.6 Conclusion 112
References 113
5 Research in Image Processing for Medical Applications Using the Secure Smart Healthcare Technique 115
Debraj Modak and Chowdhury Jaminur Rahaman
5.1 Introduction 116
5.1.1 Imaging Systems 118
5.1.2 The Digital Image Processing System 119
5.1.3 Image Enhancement 120
5.2 Classification of Digital Images 121
5.2.1 Utilizations of Digital Image Processing (DIP) 121
5.2.1.1 Medicine 121
5.2.1.2 Forensics 122
5.2.2 Medical Image Analysis 122
5.2.3 Max-Variance Automatic Cut-Off Method 122
5.2.4 Medical Imaging Segmentation 124
5.2.5 Image-Based on Edge Detection 124
5.2.5.1 Robert's Kernel Method 125
5.2.5.2 Prewitt Kernel 125
5.2.5.3 Sobel Kernel 125
5.2.5.4 k-Means Segmentation 126
5.2.6 Images from ¿-Rays 126
5.2.6.1 Non-Ionizing Radiation 127
5.2.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 128
5.2.6.3 Segmentation Using Multiple Images Acquired by Different Imaging Techniques 129
5.3 Methods 130
5.3.1 k-Means Approach 130
5.3.2 Bayesian Objective Function 132
5.4 Segmentation and Database Extraction with Neural Networks 133
5.4.1 Artificial Neural Network 133
5.4.2 Bayesian Belief Networks 134
5.5 Applications in Medical Image Analysis 135
5.5.1 Using Artificial Neural Network for Better Optimization and Detection in Medical Imaging 136
5.5.1.1 Opportunities 136
5.6 Standardize Analytics Pipeline for the Health Sector 136
5.7 Feature Extraction/Selection 138
5.7.1 Significance of Machine Learning for Medical Image Processing 138
5.7.2 Significance of Deep Learning for Medical Image Processing 139
5.8 Image-Based Forecasting Using Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Healthcare System 141
5.9 IoT Monitoring Applications Based on Image Processing 143
5.10 Significance of Computer-aided Big Healthcare Data (BHD) for Medical Image Processing 145
5.11 Applications of Big Data 147
5.11.1 Big Data Analytics in Health Sector 147
5.11.2 Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Mammography 149
5.11.3 Tumor Imaging and Treatment 149
5.11.4 Molecular Imaging 149
5.11.5 Surgical Interventions 150
5.12 Conclusion 150
References 151
6 Comparative Study on Image Enhancement Techniques for Biomedical Images 155
Sudip Mandal, Uma Biswas, Aparna Mahato and Aurgha Karmakar
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Literature Review 157
6.3 Theoretical Concepts 158
6.3.1 Logarithmic Transformation 159
6.3.1.1 Advantages of Log Transformation 160
6.3.1.2 Limitations of Log Transformation 160
6.3.2 Power Law Transformation or Gamma Correction 160
6.3.2.1 Advantages of Gamma Correction 161
6.3.2.2 Limitations of Gamma Correction 161
6.3.3 Piecewise Linear Transformation or Contrast Stretching 162
6.3.3.1 Advantages of Contrast Stretching 162
6.3.3.2 Limitations of Contrast Stretching 163
6.3.4 Histogram Equalization 163
6.3.4.1 Advantages of Histogram Equalization 164
6.3.4.2 Limitations of Histogram Equalization 164
6.3.5 Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (clahe) 164
6.3.5.1 Advantages of CLAHE 165
6.3.5.2 Limitation of CLAHE 165
6.3.6 Adjustment Function 166
6.4 Results and Discussion 166
6.4.1 Images and Histograms for Different Images Using Different Enhancement Methods 167
6.4.2 Comparison for Different Image Enhancement Techniques 175
6.5 Conclusion 178
References 179
7 Exploring Parkinson's Disease Progression and Patient Variability: Insights from Clinical and Molecular Data Analysis 181
Amit Kumar, Neha Sharma and Korhan Cengiz
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Literature Review 183
7.3 Data Review 184
7.3.1 Clinical Data 185
7.3.2 Peptides Data 192
7.3.3 Protein Data 194
7.4 Parkinson's Dynamic for Patients in Train 196
7.5 Conclusion 197
References 198
8 A Survey-Based Comparative Study on Machine Learning Techniques for Early Detection of Mental Illness 201
Prachi Majumder, Sompadma Mukherjee, Shreyashi Saha, Tamasree Biswas, Mousumi Saha, Deepanwita Das and Suchismita Maiti
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Background 202
8.3 Review of Previous Works 203
8.3.1 Standard Questionnaire 203
8.3.2 Social Media Content 206
8.4 Comparative Result 208
8.5 Discussion 212
8.6 Conclusion 213
References 213
Part 2: Clinical Decision Support System for Early Disease Detection and Management 215
9 Diagnostics and Classification of Alzheimer's Diseases Using Improved Deep Learning Architectures 217
Mainak Dey, Pijush Dutta and Gour Gopal Jana
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Related Works 219
9.3 Method 222
9.3.1 Data Description 224
9.4 Result Analysis 225
9.4.1 Performance Metrics 227
9.4.2 Experimental Setup 230
9.5 Conclusion 232
Data Availability 233
References 233
10 Perform a Comparative Study Based on Conventional Machine Learning Approaches for Human Stress Level Detection 237
Pratham Sharma, Prerana Singh, Mahe Parah, Shyamapriya Chatterjee, Anirban Bhar, Soumya Bhattacharyya and Pijush Dutta
10.1 Introduction 238
10.2 Related Work 239
10.3 Architecture Design 242
10.3.1 Body Temperature 243
10.3.2 Humidity Analysis 243
10.3.3 Step Count Analysis 243
10.3.4 Dataset 243
10.4 Experiment 244
10.4.1 Performance Matrices 245
10.5 Result Analysis 246
10.6 Conclusion 248
References 249
11 Diabetes Prediction Using a Hybrid PCA-Based Feature Selection and Computational Machine Learning Algorithm 253
Sumanta Dey, Pijush Dutta, Gour Gopal Jana and Arindam Sadhu
11.1 Introduction 254
11.2 Related Work 254
11.3 Proposed Workflow 256
11.3.1 Data Pre-Processing 256
11.3.2 Feature Selection 257
11.3.3 Dimensionality Reduction 258
11.3.4 Classification 259
11.4 Result Analysis 261
11.4.1 Evaluation Criteria 261
11.5 Conclusion and Future Work 265
References 266
12 A Robust IoT-Based Approach to Enhance Cybersecurity and Patient Trust in the Smart Health Care System: Zero-Trust Model 269
Raghunath Maji, Biswajit Gayen and Sandeepan Saha
12.1 Introduction 270
12.2 Security Threats on Smart Healthcare 271
12.2.1 Medical Data Monitoring and Patient Privacy Information 271
12.2.2 Network Attacks on Critical Infrastructures 272
12.2.3 Malicious Data Tampering 272
12.3 Smart Healthcare Security and Four-Dimension Model 273
12.3.1 Subject 273
12.3.2 Object 274
12.3.3 Environment 275
12.3.4 Behavior 275
12.3.5 Risk Assessment and Security Checking 275
12.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 279
Acknowledgment 280
References 280
13 Safeguarding Digital Health: A Novel Approach to Malicious Device Detection in Smart Healthcare 283
Raghunath Maji and Biswajit Gayen
13.1 Introduction 284
13.2 Related Work 286
13.3 Our Proposed Framework 289
13.4 Overview of Our Proposed Framework 289
13.5 Evaluation Procedure 291
13.6 Performance Evaluation 292
13.7 Conclusion 293
References 294
Index 297
