Synbiotics, Volume 1: Revolutionizing Health and Disease Management
Preface xv
1 The New Frontier in Healthy Living: Synbiotic Drinks Combining Probiotics and Prebiotics 1
Taruna Sheoran, Mandeep Kumar, Navnidhi Chikkara and Namita Singh
2 Synbiotics: Production, Applications, and Health Promotion 37
Nidhi Gupta and Manjula Gautam
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Synbiotic Formulation 39
2.3 Applications 41
2.4 Synbiotics in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Illnesses 47
2.5 Impact of Synbiotics on Health Promotion 52
2.6 Conclusion 53
2.7 Perspectives for the Future 53
3 Understanding the Role of Multi-Strain Probiotics in Improving Consumer Health 65
Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Amita Suneja Dang and Pooja Suneja
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Mechanism of Action 67
3.3 Benefits of Multi-Strain Probiotics 69
3.4 Applications of Multi-Strain Probiotics 71
3.5 Conclusion 83
4 Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics for Improved Human Health 91
Bharti Datten, Nikita Jangra and Pooja Gulati
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics 93
4.3 Carriers Used for Co-Encapsulation 96
4.4 Microencapsulation 98
4.5 Nanoencapsulation 102
4.6 Encapsulated Synbiotics in Promoting Gut Health 105
4.7 Side Effects Associated with Encapsulated Synbiotics In Vivo 106
4.8 Concluding Remarks 107
5 Unveiling the Role of Synbiotics in Infant Well-Being 115
Parul Chugh, Swati Misra, Shailendra Raghuwanshi and Mahesh S. Dhar
6 Probiotics and Chronic Diseases 137
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
6.1 Chronic Diseases 139
6.2 Function of Gut Microbiota in Chronic Diseases 140
6.3 Probiotics 141
6.4 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases 144
6.5 Future of Probiotics in Chronic Disease 154
6.6 Conclusion 155
7 Exploring the Connection Between Probiotics and Chronic Diseases 169
Kajal Gaba, Samridhi Pushkarna, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics 171
7.3 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases Management 172
7.4 Conclusion 184
8 Probiotics and Chronic Disease: A Microbial Approach to Prevention and Management 189
Akriti Thakur, Sonia Morya and Arno Neumann
8.1 Introduction 190
8.2 Chronic Diseases and Their Impact 196
8.3 The Gut Microbiome and Chronic Diseases 199
8.4 Probiotics and Other Living Microorganism Biotherapies 206
8.5 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics 209
8.6 Clinical Studies and Results 210
8.7 Conclusion 211
9 Exploring the Triad: Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Promoting Bone Health 223
Lakhvinder Kaur
9.1 Introduction 224
9.2 Importance of Prebiotics and Probiotics 226
9.3 Prebiotics in Human Health 229
9.4 Probiotics in Human Health 233
9.5 Synbiotics in Human Health 234
9.6 Impact of Probiotics on Bone Health 234
9.7 The Role of Probiotics in Inflammatory Homeostasis 235
9.8 Studies Emphasizing the Importance of Probiotics for Bone Health 237
9.9 The Relationship Between Prebiotics and Bone Health 239
9.10 Other Therapeutic Advantages of Prebiotics 241
9.11 Summary 241
10 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Oral Health 251
Anamika Chauhan and Simple Sharma
10.1 Introduction 252
10.2 Composition of Oral Microbiota 254
10.3 Probiotics in Oral Health 255
10.4 Prebiotics in Oral Health 258
10.5 Oral Conditions and Probiotics/Prebiotics 262
10.6 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Commercial Oral Health Products 268
10.7 Current Uses of Probiotics and Prebiotics 269
10.8 Safety and Regulations 269
10.9 Implications of the Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Promoting Oral Health 279
10.10 Conclusion 280
11 Synbiotics and the Immune System 291
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
Introduction 291
11.1 Historical Overview 293
11.2 Gut Microbiome and Immunity 294
11.3 Synbiotics 296
11.4 Impact of Synbiotics on the Immune System 300
11.5 Role in Diseases 307
11.6 Future Directions 313
11.7 Conclusion 313
12 Probiotics and Prebiotics for the Immune System 323
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
12.1 Introduction 324
12.2 Understanding Synbiotics 328
12.3 Safety Assessment of Probiotics 331
12.4 Toxicity Considerations of Prebiotics: An Overview of Prebiotic Safety 339
12.5 Interactions and Synergy in Synbiotics 347
12.6 Immunomodulatory Effects and Host Response 351
12.7 Long-Term Safety and Health Outcomes 354
12.8 Safety Considerations in Special Populations 357
12.9 Regulatory Landscape and Labeling Requirements 360
12.10 Conclusion 363
13 Synbiotics for Promoting Health 371
Ankita Sharma and Madhvi Awasthi
13.1 Synbiotics and Hormonal Regulation 375
13.2 Synbiotics and Thyroid Function 378
13.3 Synbiotics and Immunity 379
13.4 Synbiotics and Renal Function 380
13.5 Synbiotics and Skeletal System 381
13.6 Synbiotic and Cardiovascular System 382
13.7 Synbiotic and Respiratory Tract 383
13.8 Synbiotic and Gastrointestinal Tract 384
13.9 Synbiotic and Liver 385
14 Synbiotics in Cytotoxicity 393
Shruti Kharod, Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Anil Kumar, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
14.1 Introduction 393
14.2 Synbiotics 394
14.3 Mechanisms of Synbiotic-Mediated Cytotoxicity Modulation 396
14.4 Synbiotics and Cytotoxicity in Specific Disease States 398
14.5 Future Directions 416
4.6 Conclusion 418
15 Synbiotics-Safety and Toxicity Considerations 429
Manjula Gautam and Nidhi Gupta
15.1 Introduction 430
15.2 Safety Evaluation 442
15.3 Synbiotic Safety Measures 443
15.4 Regulatory Considerations 445
15.5 Safety Assessment of Probiotics 445
15.6 Safety Evaluation of Prebiotics 447
15.7 Toxicity Investigations of Synbiotics 448
15.8 Management of Chemotherapy-Related Symptoms with Synbiotic Therapy 449
15.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 454
References 455
Synbiotics, Volume 2: Harnessing Probiotics and Prebiotics for Nutrition
Preface xiii
16 Commercially Exploitable Probiotic Microorganisms for Humans 467
Taruna Sheoran, Anil Panghal and Namita Singh
17 Probiotic Microorganism 491
Gopika S. Pillai and Sonia Morya
17.1 Introduction 491
17.2 Diversity and Types of Probiotic Microorganisms 495
17.3 Sources of Probiotics 514
17.4 Dietary Supplements 517
17.5 Health Benefits and Applications 524
17.6 Future Applications and Emerging Research Areas 529
17.7 Conclusion 530
18 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics 547
S. Pooja, Vidya Niranjan, Anagha S. Setlur, Chandrashekar K. and Sinosh Skariyachan
18.1 Introduction 548
18.2 Overview of Probiotics-Need and Importance 549
18.3 Classification and Types of Probiotics 550
18.4 Major Types of Probiotic Microorganisms and Their Microbiological Aspects 551
18.5 Major Mechanism of Probiotics 554
18.6 Conclusion 576
18.7 Future Perspectives 576
19 Synbiotics in Nutrition 593
Enespa and Prem Chandra
19.1 Introduction 593
19.2 Antioxidant Properties of Synbiotics 598
19.3 Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potentials 604
19.4 Applications to Animal Health 613
19.5 Conclusions 618
20 Synbiotics in Nutrition: The Synergy of Probiotics and Prebiotics 631
Mounika P.A. Reddy and Manesh Muraleedharan
20.1 Overview of Probiotics and Prebiotics 632
20.2 Mechanism of Synbiotics 636
20.3 Dietary Sources of Synbiotics 642
20.4 The Significance of the Gut Microbiome in Human Health 644
20.5 Application of Synbiotics in Health Management 651
20.6 Progress and Prospects in Synbiotic-Based Nutrition Research 657
21 Microencapsulation in Synbiotics and Its Food Application 675
Yogesh Kumar and Swarnima Dey
21.1 Introduction 675
21.2 Role of Microorganisms in Synbiotics 679
21.3 Selection of Wall Material in Microencapsulatio of Synbiotics 680
21.4 Preparation of Microencapsulated Synbiotics 684
21.5 Application of Microencapsulated Synbiotics in Foods 692
21.6 Future Prospective in Microencapsulated Synbiotics 694
21.7 Conclusion 695
22 Microencapsulation of Synbiotics 701
Abishek Dinesh and Sonia Morya
22.1 Introduction 702
22.2 Microencapsulation of Synbiotics 703
22.3 Microencapsulation Methods 712
22.4 Applications of Microencapsulated Synbiotics in Food 720
22.5 Current Challenges 725
22.6 Future Prospects 726
22.7 Conclusion 727
23 Prebiotics Addition in Dairy Products 737
Semih Otles and Gozde Turkoz Bakirci
23.1 Introduction 737
23.2 Conceptual Framework (Prebiotics, Probiotics, Differences, Applications, Synbiotics) 738
23.3 Studies in the Literature Regarding the Use of Prebiotics in Dairy Products 745
23.4 Results and Recommendations 748
24 Synbiotic Usage in Children 753
Urvashi Mudgil, Permender Singh, Krishan Kumar and Vinita Bhankar
24.1 Synbiotics for Promoting Growth in Children 756
24.2 Effect of Synbiotics on Gi Issues in Children 757
24.3 Support to Immune System of Children 761
24.4 Role of Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis in Children with Cerebral Palsy 765
24.5 Effect of Synbiotics on Cardiovascular Diseases in Children 766
24.6 Effect of Synbiotics on Uric Acid in Children 767
24.7 Conclusion 767
25 Role of Synbiotics in Infant Nutrition 777
Manju Tewari, Prerna Pande, Saloni Godiyal and Veena Pande
25.1 Infant Nutrition 777
25.2 Gut Microbiome in Infants 780
25.3 Synbiotics 780
25.4 Conclusions 793
26 Significance of Probiotics in the Context of Chronic Disease: Recent Revelations 805
Chandra Mohana. N., Narendra Kumar H. K., Kiran Kumar M.N. and Satish S.
27 Synbiotics: Safety and Toxicity Considerations 823
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
27.1 Introduction 824
27.2 Understanding Synbiotics 826
27.3 Safety of Probiotics 831
27.4 Safety of Prebiotics 834
27.5 Interactions and Synergies 843
27.6 Toxicity Concerns 849
27.7 Assessing and Monitoring Safety 851
27.8 Future Directions and Challenges 854
27.9 Conclusion and Recommendations 856
28 Regulatory Framework for Use of Probiotics 863
Mahima Verma and Jasvir Singh
28.1 Introduction 864
28.2 Regulatory Framework for the Use of Probiotics in Food 864
28.3 Regulatory Framework for Use of Probiotics in Pharma 874
28.4 Regulatory Framework for Use of Probiotics in Animal Feed 878
28.5 Conclusions 879
Bibliography 880
Index 881
