Preface xi
Chapter 1 Preliminary Remarks 1
1.1 References 4
Chapter 2 Prerequisites for the Irradiation of Materials 5
2.1 Materials and purity, an old story 5
2.1.1 Materials and disorder in ancient history 5
2.2 Discovering the particles behind irradiation 14
2.2.1 High-voltage generation 15
2.2.2 Vacuum control 19
2.2.3 Cathode rays 24
2.2.4 Discovery of X-rays 27
2.2.5 Discovery of the electron 28
2.2.6 Discovery of radioactivity 29
2.3 First irradiation experiments 30
2.3.1 Pleochroic halos 34
2.4 Secondary effects of radiation 35
2.5 Chapter 2 references 38
2.5.1 A brief chronology 38
2.5.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 39
2.6 References 40
Chapter 3 Particle Transport 47
3.1 It all started with collision experiments 47
3.2 Slowing down in the matter 50
3.3 Particle stopping power 60
3.3.1 Electronic stopping power 60
3.3.2 Nuclear stopping power 64
3.4 Particle range 67
3.5 Transport simulation 68
3.5.1 First simulations 70
3.6 Channeling effects 74
3.7 Chapter 3 references 79
3.7.1 Short chronology 79
3.7.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 79
3.8 References 81
Chapter 4 First Notions of Defects 89
4.1 First observations of defects 89
4.1.1 Photographic processes 89
4.1.2 First experiments: an approach guided by sight 92
4.1.3 Defects, a useful concept for diffusion 96
4.2 Notions of defects 98
4.3 Chapter 4 references 100
4.3.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 100
4.4 References 103
Chapter 5 Defect Creation Mechanisms 107
5.1 Production of defects by irradiation 109
5.1.1 Creation of defects by electronic excitations and ionizations 109
5.1.2 Models for the creation of defects by elastic collisions 114
5.2 Determination of threshold displacement energy 120
5.2.1 Threshold displacement energy mapping 122
5.3 Numerical simulations 124
5.3.1 Creation and stability of point defects 124
5.3.2 Thermal spike 126
5.4 Irradiation-induced sputtering 128
5.4.1 Metal sputtering 129
5.4.2 Uranium sputtering 130
5.5 Chapter 5 references 132
5.5.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 132
5.6 References 134
Chapter 6 Metals Under Irradiation 139
6.1 Notions shared with other disciplines 141
6.1.1 Self-diffusion in metals 141
6.1.2 Cold metalworking 142
6.1.3 Dislocation theory 145
6.2 Creation of defects in metals by irradiation 146
6.2.1 Irradiation of pure metals 147
6.2.2 Irradiation of ordered alloys 149
6.3 Displacement threshold 151
6.4 Description of defects 154
6.4.1 Experimental observations of point defects 155
6.5 Defect annealing 159
6.6 Chapter 6 references 167
6.6.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 167
6.7 References 168
Chapter 7 Semiconductors Under Irradiation 175
7.1 First irradiation of semiconductors 176
7.2 Defect generation and counting 181
7.2.1 Determining the displacement threshold 181
7.2.2 High-energy deposits 183
7.2.3 Description of defects 184
7.3 Diffusion in semiconductors 187
7.3.1 Smart Cut process 188
7.4 Chapter 7 references 189
7.4.1 Laboratories and personalities in this chapter 189
7.5 References 191
Chapter 8 Iono-covalent Insulators Under Irradiation 195
8.1 Iono-covalent materials under irradiation 195
8.1.1 Defects in iono-covalent materials 197
8.1.2 Threshold displacement energy in inorganic insulators 200
8.1.3 Phase transformation under irradiation 202
8.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 203
8.3 References 203
Chapter 9 Polymers Under Irradiation 207
9.1 First irradiations of polymers 207
9.2 Research into degradation mechanisms 211
9.3 Radio-oxidation of polymers 217
9.4 Research and development, an active field 218
9.5 Chapter 9 references 219
9.5.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 219
9.6 References 219
Chapter 10 Radiolysis of Liquids 223
10.1 Upstream of the notion of radiolysis 223
10.2 Activated water 227
10.3 Free radicals 228
10.4 Solvated electrons 229
10.4.1 Solvated electrons, an old story 230
10.5 Effects of the spatial structure of energy deposits 234
10.6 Radiolysis yields 237
10.7 Chapter 10 references 237
10.7.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 237
10.8 References 239
Chapter 11 Irradiation Tools 243
11.1 Accelerators 244
11.1.1 Radio-frequency cavity accelerators 244
11.1.2 Electrostatic accelerators 249
11.1.3 Tandem electrostatic accelerators 252
11.1.4 Pulsed electron accelerators 254
11.2 Nuclear reactors 255
11.3 Recent developments 260
11.4 Chapter 11 references 260
11.4.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities 260
11.5 References 262
Chapter 12 Irradiation Applications 267
12.1 Medical applications 269
12.1.1 Radiography 269
12.1.2 Radiotherapies 271
12.1.3 Nuclear medicine 273
12.1.4 Radiosterilization 274
12.2 Food processing 274
12.3 Polymer irradiation applications 277
12.4 Semiconductor doping 278
12.4.1 Doping by implantation 279
12.4.2 Transmutation doping 281
12.5 Radiation resistance of electronic components 282
12.6 Ion track technology 283
12.7 Cultural and historical heritage materials 287
12.8 References 289
Conclusions 293
C.1 An active community 293
C.2 Future prospects 295
C.3 References 297
Index 299
