1. Carbohydrates
· Stereoisomerism in Carbohydrates
· Monosaccharides
· Mutarotation
· Epimers
· Reactions of Monosaccharides
· Synthesis and Degradation of Monosaccharides
· Glucose
· Fischer's Proof of the Configuration of D-(+)-Glucose
· Fructose
· Disaccharides
2. Nucleic Acids
· Structure Determination of Nucleic Acids
· Synthesis of Adenine
· Guanine
· Properties of Purine and Its Derivatives
· Pyrimidine Bases
· Properties of Pyrimidine and Its Derivatives
· Nucleosides
· Nucleotides
· Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
· Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acid
· Structure of DNA
· Postulates of Watson and Crick Model of DNA
· Base Pairing in DNA
· Different Conformations of DNA
· Replication
· Structure of RNA
· Transcription
· Translation
3. Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
· Amino Acids
· Types of Amino Acids
· Classification of Amino Acids
· Structure of Amino Acids
· Optical Activity of Amino Acids
· Synthesis of Amino Acids
· Daraspsky Synthesis
· Physical Properties of Amino Acids
· Electrophoresis
· Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Electrophoresis
· Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
· Isoelectric Point
· Chemical Properties of Amino Acids
· Peptides
· N-terminal Residue and C-terminal Residue
· Naming of Peptide
· Structure Determination of Peptide or Proteins
· Complete Hydrolysis of Protein or Peptide
· End Group of Analysis of Peptide or Protein
· N-terminal Analysis
· C-terminal Analysis
· Partial Hydrolysis of Peptide
· Other Methods for Selective Cleavage
· Synthesis of Peptide
· C-protecting Groups
· Protection of Side Chain
· Activation of Carboxylic Group
· Activated Ester Method
· Azide Method
· Anhydride Methods
· DCC Method
· Merrifield Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
· Proteins
· Average Molecular Weight of Protein
· Classification of Proteins
· Denaturation of Proteins
· Structure of Proteins
· Test of Proteins
4. Enzymes and Correlation with Drug Action
· Definition
· Chemical Nature
· Properties of The Enzymes
· Classification of The Enzymes
· Mode of Enzyme Action
· Michaelis-Menton
· Chymotrypsin Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Peptide Bond
· Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
· Enzymes Specificity
· Inhibition of Enzymes
· Coenzyme and Cofactor
· Drug-Receptor Interactions
· Interactions (Forces) Involved in The Drug-Receptor (DR) Complex
· The Theories for Drug-Receptor (DR) Interactions
· The Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR)
5. Lipids
· Classification of Lipids
· Fatty Acids
· Nomenclature of Fatty Acids
· Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
· Essential Fatty Acids
· Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
· Triacylglycerols
· Chemical Reactions pf Triacylglycerols
· Hydrogenation
· Rancidification
· Oxidation
· Reichert-Meissl Number
· Waxes
· Hospholipids
· Sphingoglycolipids
· Cholesterol
· Cell Membrane (Lipid Bilayer)
· Steroid Hormones
· Lipoprotein
· Liposomes
6. Oxidation of Foodstuff (Organic Molecules) as a source of Energy for Cell
· Metabolism
· ATP: Universal Currency of Cellular Energy
· ATP Hydrolysis and Free Energy
· Conversion of Food Into Energy
· Metabolic Pathway of Carbohydrates
· Glycolysis
· Fermentation
· Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
· Interrelationship Between Various Metabolic
· Pathways of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates
· Calorific Value of The Food
Index
