Preface
Chapter 1: Background and History
Introduction
Criminal Law in the United States
The United States Criminal Justice System
Funnel of Criminal Justice
Goals of the Criminal Justice System
Weighing Individual Rights vs. Public Order/Security
Crime Data
Policing in the United States
State and Local Law Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Law Enforcement Collaboration
Law Enforcement and the Law
Warrants
Detention, Arrest, and Miranda
Courts in the United States
Jurisdiction and Organization of U.S. Courts
Federal Court Jurisdiction, Structure, and Organization
State Courts Jurisdiction, Structure, and Organization
State Judicial Selection
The Attorneys: Prosecutors and Public Defenders
Pre-Trial Activities
The Trial Process
Sentencing
Corrections in the United States
The Development of Corrections
Early Prison Reform Efforts
Correctional Facilities
Correctional Officers
Juvenile Justice System
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Introduction
Current Issues in Policing
Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice Outcomes
Police Accountability
Body-Worn Cameras
Forensic Science
Current Issues in the Criminal Courts
Pretrial Issues, Bail Reform, and Grand Jury Reform
Money/Cash Bail
Grand Juries
Prosecutorial Discretion and Plea Bargaining
Indigent Defense/Public Defenders' Offices
Politics and the Judiciary
Current Issues in Corrections
Private Prisons
Solitary Confinement
Reentry Issues, including Felon Disenfranchisement
Restorative Justice
Issues in the Treatment of Crime Victims
Sexual Assault Kit Initiative
Trauma-Informed Care
Sources
Chapter 3: Perspectives
Two Measures of Crime in the United States by Rachel E. Morgan
Racial Bias and the Dual Purpose of Traffic Stops by Alexander Love
Case Clearance by Scott M. Walfield and Cassidy Fitz-Randolph
Inside a Drug Court by Joyce Morrissette
Advocacy by Laury Rowland
Chapter 4: Profiles
Historical Development
August Vollmer
George Kelling
Zebulon Brockway and the Elmira Reformatory
Edwin Sutherland
Moments of Significant Change
The Warren Court and the Due Process Revolution
Crime Victims Rights Movement
Angela Davis and Ruth Wilson Gilmore
Bryan Stevenson and the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI)
Department of Homeland Security
Organizations Related to the Criminal Justice System
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
The Innocence Project.
Death Penalty Innocence Project
Sentencing-Related Organizations
Sources
Chapter 5: Data and Documents
Data
Areas in the Criminal Justice System in which Discretion is Exercised
Rate of Property Crime from 1985 to 2020
Rate of Violent Crime from 1985 to 2020
Total Number of Incarcerated persons 1978 through 2019
State and Local Expenditures on Criminal Justice Per Capita, 2021
Reasons Respondents Chose to Report Violent Victimization to Police
Reasons Respondents Chose to Report Property Victimization to Police
Reasons Respondents Chose Not to Report Violent Victimization to Police
Reasons Respondents Chose Not to Report Property Victimization to Police
Recidivism Rates Following Release from Prison
Treatment Courts in the United States
Felon Disenfranchisement Laws by State
Public Defender Crisis in the United States
Documents
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
The USA PATRIOT Act
First Step Act of 2018
Mapp v. Ohio
Gideon v. Wainwright
Miranda v. Arizona
Excerpt from the Interview Protocol for the NCVS
Chapter 6: Resources
Chapter 7: Chronology
Glossary
About the Authors
Index
