Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Background and History
Understanding Race and Sports through Historical and Theoretical Frameworks
The Sociology of Race and Sport as Field of Study
Intersectionality and Race and Sport
The American Sports Media as Conduit of Socially Constructed Knowledge
Gender and Sexual Orientation
The Need for Expanded Scholarship
References
2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Race, Sports, and Politics
Refusing Service to the Boston Celtics' Black Players (1961)
Muhammad Ali's Refusal of U.S. Army Induction (1966)
Tommie Smith and John Carlos's Gloved Fists and Shoeless Feet (1968)
When Madison Square Garden Dropped the National Anthem ... for a Day (1973)
Craig Hodges's Letter to the President (1991)
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf Stops Standing for the National Anthem (1996)
Toni Smith Turns Her Back to the U.S. Flag (2003)
"Los Suns" in the NBA Playoffs (May 2010)
"Kneeling for a [Indirect] Cause" (August 2016-Present)
Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sport, and Politics
Race and the Sports Industry
Benching Leonard Bates (1940) and Lucien V. Alexis Jr. (1941)
Curt Flood's Antitrust Suit vs. MLB (1969)
Syracuse 8 (1969)
Questioning the NCAA's Eligibility Standards: Propositions 48, 42, and 16 (1986, 1989, 1995)
Venus and Serena Williams Boycott Indian Wells (2001-2016)
An NBA Owner's Racism Caught on Tape (2014)
University of Missouri Football Team Boycotts Football (2015)
Nike Supporting Colin Kaepernick and Black Lives Matter (2018)
Jay-Z Partners with the NFL (2019)
Discussing the Solutions: Race and the Sports Industry
Race, Sports, and Representation
Black Lives Matter and Protesting the Killings of Unarmed Black People (2012-2016)
"Linsanity" and Beyond: Being Asian American in the NBA (2012-Present)
Racism and Contemporary Native American Athletes (2008-Present)
Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sports, and Representation
References
3. Perspectives
A Player in a New Game
Andre Alicea
Black Quarterbacks: A Troubling Reflection of America
Daniel R. Davis
Race in Sport: From Bahamian Unity to American Discord
Andrew Cole Maura
They Say Confidence Is Key: A Sports Memoir
Tayler Simons
The Problems with the Lack of Accessibility of Sports
Michaela Boyle
Black and Blue: Making the Most of the College Athlete Experience at a Division I PWI
Isaiah Alicea
Conversations (or Not) about Race in Martial Arts
Margaret Stansbery
4. Profiles
Biracial/Multiracial
Colin Kaepernick (1987-)
Hines Ward (1976-)
Black
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1947-)
Muhammad Ali (1942-2016)
Simone Biles (1997-) and the World Champions Centre
Harry Edwards (1942-)
Curt Flood (1938-1997)
LeBron James (1984-) and the I Promise School
Paul Robeson (1898-1976)
Kenneth L. Shropshire (1955-)
Native American
Oren Lyons (1930-)
Shoni (1992-) and Jude (1993-) Schimmel
White American
Dr. Richard Lapchick (1945-) and the Racial and Gender Report Card
Organizations
American Tennis Association (ATA) (1916-)
Black Coaches Association (BCA) (1988-2015) / National Association for Coaching Equity and Development (2015-)
"Change the Mascot" Campaign (2013-)
Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE) (2015-)
References
5. Data and Documents
Data
Race and Sport: Youth Level
Table 5.1: Racial Differences in Sport Participation of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010-2015)
Table 5.2: Differences in Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010-2015)
Race and Sport: College Level
Table 5.3: NCAA Eligibility Center Division I Academic Requirements
Table 5.4: Men's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008-2018)
Table 5.5: Women's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008-2018)
Race and Sport: Professional Level
Table 5.6: 2018 Racial and Gender Report Card Grades for Professional Sport
Documents
Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc. (2014)
Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous People (2011)
Flood v. Kuhn (1972)
Clay v. United States (1971)
H. Res. 77 Encouraging the Development of Best Business Practices to Fully Utilize the Potential of the United States (2017)
References
6. Resources
Books
Articles
Films
Reports and Internet Sites
7. Chronology
Glossary
Index
