Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Nanomaterial Synthesis and Its Applications 1
A. Kalaiyarasan, K. Sankar, S. Sundaram and K. Gunasekaran
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Nanomaterials Based in Metals 4
1.1.2 Nanomaterials for Metal and Nonmetals on Semiconductor 4
1.1.3 Micro and Nanocomposite Materials 5
1.2 Nanomaterials and Preparation of Metal Matrix Composite 5
1.3 Bio-Medical Applications of Nanomaterials 8
1.3.1 Advantage of Nanoscale Materials for Biomedical Applications 10
1.3.2 Types of Bio-Nanoparticles Used for the Production of Drugs 11
1.3.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanoscale Materials 11
1.3.3.1 Bio-Molecular Imaging with Nanoparticle Composite 11
1.3.3.2 Nanotherapies in the Field of Biomedical Medicine 11
1.3.3.3 Optical Nanosensors 12
1.4 Conclusion 13
Bibliography 14
2 Advances in Meta-Materials: Engineering Light and Sound Waves for Next-Generation Technologies 17
N.V. Suresh, Gajalakshmi Sridhar, K. Bhanu Prakash and Ananth Selvakumar
Introduction 18
Literature Review 21
Research Methodology 24
Research Findings 25
Proposed Conceptual Framework 28
Suggestion 29
Conclusion 32
References 34
3 Advanced Intersection of Material and Medicine Revolutionizing Healthcare Outcomes 37
Ashwini A. and Ferlin Deva Shahila
3.1 Overview of Nanotechnology 38
3.1.1 Nanotechnology's Impact on Material Sciences 39
3.1.1.1 Nanomaterials Synthesis 39
3.1.1.2 Enhanced Mechanical Properties 39
3.1.1.3 Improved Electrical and Thermal Conductivity 39
3.1.1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization 39
3.1.1.5 Advanced Coatings and Films 40
3.1.1.6 Nanostructured Catalysts 40
3.1.1.7 Smart and Responsive Materials 40
3.2 Nanomaterials for Imaging and Diagnosis 40
3.3 Biomaterials and Bioactive Devices for Medical Devices 41
3.3.1 Types of Biomaterials and Bioactive Devices 42
3.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers 42
3.3.1.2 Beneficial Windows and Tiles 43
3.3.1.3 Intelligent Polymers 43
3.3.1.4 Synthetic Polymers 44
3.4 Bioprinting of Living Tissues and Organs 44
3.4.1 Cell Selection and Seeding 44
3.4.2 Bioprinting Process 45
3.4.3 Post-Printing Processing 45
3.4.4 Tissue Maturation and Integration 45
3.4.5 Applications of Bioprinting 46
3.4.5.1 Bioprinted Organs 46
3.4.5.2 Individualized Medicine 46
3.4.5.3 Biological Studies and Development 46
3.5 Smart Fabrics for Health Monitoring 47
3.5.1 Sensor Integration 47
3.5.2 Data Collection and Transmission 48
3.5.3 Comfort and Wearability 48
3.5.4 Biometric Authentication 48
3.5.5 Applications 48
3.5.6 Remote Patient Monitoring 48
3.6 Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control 49
3.6.1 Neural Recording and Decoding 49
3.6.2 Assistive Communication 49
3.6.3 Motor Restoration 50
3.6.4 Neurorehabilitation 50
3.6.5 Cognitive Enhancement 50
3.6.6 Cellular Alignment and Guidance 51
3.6.7 Enhanced Cell Proliferation and Differentiation 51
3.6.8 Sensing and Monitoring 51
3.7 Micro and Nanoscale Carriers for Drug Transport 51
3.7.1 Improved Drug Solubility and Stability 52
3.7.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 52
3.7.3 Controlled Drug Release 53
3.7.4 Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Delivery 53
3.7.5 Multifunctional Carriers 53
3.7.6 Minimized Side Effects and Toxicity 53
3.8 Biocompatible Surgical Instruments and Implants 53
3.8.1 Enhanced Biocompatibility 54
3.8.2 Reduced Risk of Infection 54
3.8.3 Customization and Personalization 54
3.8.4 Biodegradability and Restorability 54
3.8.5 Promotion of Tissue Integration and Regeneration 54
3.8.6 Compatibility with Imaging and Diagnostic Technologies 55
3.8.7 Innovations in Minimally Invasive Surgery 55
3.9 Conclusion and Future Directions 57
References 57
4 Nanoscopic Marvels: Exploring Carbon Nanoparticles in Biomedicine 61
Ferlin Deva Shahila and Ashwini A.
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Applications 64
4.2.1 Biological Imaging, Pathology-Related Detection, and Diagnostics 64
4.2.2 Diagnostics Photoacoustic 65
4.2.3 Hem Sorbents for Adsorption, Hemofiltration, and Hemodialysis 66
4.2.4 Photodynamic Therapy 69
4.2.5 Vaccine Production 71
4.2.6 Therapy-Platform of Delivery and Intervention 72
4.3 Conclusions 73
4.4 Future Scope 74
References 74
5 Harnessing the Power of Materials for Efficient Energy Storage and Conversion 77
P. Sujidha
5.1 Introduction to Energy Storage Materials 78
5.1.1 Overview of Energy Storage Systems 78
5.1.2 Importance of Material Selection 78
5.1.3 Current Trends and Innovations 79
5.1.3.1 Transition Beyond Lithium-Ion 79
5.1.3.2 Material Optimization and Discovery 79
5.1.3.3 Sustainability and Circular Economy 80
5.1.3.4 Expanding Applications 80
5.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage 80
5.2.1 Battery Technologies 80
5.2.1.1 Established Battery Technologies 81
5.2.1.2 Emerging Battery Technologies 81
5.2.2 Supercapacitors 82
5.2.3 Fuel Cells 84
5.3 Materials for Batteries 84
5.3.1 Cathode Materials 84
5.3.2 Anode Materials 85
5.3.2.1 Graphite 85
5.3.2.2 Advanced Anode Materials 86
5.3.3 Electrolytes and Separators 86
5.3.3.1 Electrolytes 86
5.3.3.2 Types of Electrolytes 87
5.3.4 Separators 87
5.3.4.1 Types of Separators 87
5.4 Photovoltaic Materials 87
5.5 Hydrogen Storage Materials 88
5.5.1 Metal Hydrides 88
5.5.2 Chemical Hydrides 89
5.5.3 Carbon-Based Materials 90
5.6 Challenges and Future Directions 92
5.7 Conclusion 92
References 93
6 Biogenic AgNPs: Leaf-Mediated Green Synthesis, Analytical Spectroscopic Characterization, and Applications 97
Susanta Das
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Biogenic AgNPs 99
6.3 Conclusions 112
References 113
7 Material for Energy Storage and Conversion 119
Ruma Das and Abhirup Paria
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 2D Materials in Energy Application 121
7.2.1 Materials Used in Energy Storage 123
7.2.1.1 Supercapacitors 123
7.2.1.2 Battery 125
7.2.2 Materials Used in Energy Conversion 129
7.2.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 129
7.2.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) 131
7.2.2.3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 132
7.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CRR) 133
7.2.2.5 Water Splitting 134
7.3 Summary 134
References 135
8 Rare Earth Elements in Photonic Materials 141
M. Dhamodhara Naidu and Kolla Bhanu Prakash
8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 History of Rare Earth Elements 143
8.3 Trivalent Lanthanides Electronic Configuration 146
8.4 Energy Level Splitting of 4f States in Lanthanides 147
8.5 The Energy Levels of Lanthanides and Dieke Diagram 148
8.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of RE Elements 150
8.6.1 Basic Properties of Lanthanides 150
8.6.2 Lanthanide Contraction 151
8.6.3 Chemical Properties 151
8.6.4 Magnetism 152
8.7 Optical Properties 152
8.7.1 Luminescence 152
8.7.2 Phosphorescence 154
8.8 Applications of Rare Earth Materials 154
8.8.1 Phosphors in Photonics 154
8.8.2 Rare Earth Doped Glasses 155
8.8.3 Ceramics 155
8.8.4 Magnetic Materials 156
References 156
9 Emerging Materials for Future Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Application 159
Sancheti Santosh D., Chandore Rahul N., Vishal Jain and Ingale Sachin P.
9.1 Importance of Energy Storage and Conversion in Modern Society 160
9.1.1 Challenges Posed by Fossil Fuels and the Need for Clean Energy Alternatives 160
9.1.2 Global Energy Demands and Renewable Energy Sources 161
9.1.3 Role of Energy Storage in Balancing Supply and Demand 161
9.2 Role of Materials in Energy Storage and Conversion 163
9.2.1 The Importance of Material Innovation in Energy Systems 164
9.2.2 Conversion of Various Energy Forms to Electrical Energy 164
9.3 Energy Storage Materials 165
9.3.1 Trends in Materials Research: Graphene, Perovskites, and Hydrogen Storage Materials 165
9.3.2 Overview of Different Storage Technologies 167
9.4 Batteries 167
9.4.1 Types of Batteries: Alkaline, Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion, and Nickel-Metal Hydride 169
9.4.1.1 Alkaline Batteries 169
9.4.1.2 Lead-Acid Batteries 169
9.4.1.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 169
9.4.1.4 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 170
9.4.2 Advantages and Limitations of Each Type 171
9.5 Supercapacitors 171
9.5.1 Structure and Function 173
9.5.2 Advantages Over Traditional Batteries 173
9.6 Fuel Cells 174
9.6.1 Types and Applications 175
9.6.2 Hydrogen Storage and Conversion 176
9.7 Energy Conversion Materials 178
9.7.1 Photovoltaic Systems 178
9.7.2 Thermoelectric Materials 180
9.7.3 Catalysts for Energy Conversion 180
9.8 Characterization Methods for Energy Materials 181
9.9 Conclusion 182
References 182
10 Innovations in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Cutting- Edge Techniques Along with the Diverse Implementations of These Nanomaterials in Nanotechnology Methods 187
K.K.A. Rinsila, Anu Ruby Benny and Lina Anil
10.1 Introduction 188
10.2 Bottom-Up Method 189
10.3 Chemical Method 189
10.3.1 Sol-Gel Method 189
10.3.1.1 Applications and Advantages of the Sol-Gel Method 190
10.3.2 Spinning Method 191
10.3.2.1 Applications of the Spinning Method in Nanoparticle Synthesis 192
10.3.3 Template Method 193
10.3.3.1 Applications of Template Methods 195
10.3.4 Laser Pyrolysis 195
10.3.4.1 Applications of Laser Pyrolysis 196
10.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 196
10.3.6 Hydrothermal Method 197
10.3.6.1 Benefits of Hydrothermal Synthesis 198
10.3.6.2 Uses 198
10.3.7 Reverse Micelle Method 198
10.4 Green Synthesis or Biological Method 199
10.4.1 From Roots 199
10.4.2 Flowers 200
10.4.3 Leaves 200
10.4.4 Bacteria 203
10.5 Top-Down Method 205
10.6 Physical and Chemical Methods 206
10.6.1 Thermal Decomposition 206
10.6.2 Mechanical Milling 206
10.6.2.1 Type of Ball Mills 207
10.6.3 Laser Ablation Method 207
10.6.4 Sputtering Method 207
10.6.5 The Arc-Discharge Method 208
10.6.6 Nanolithography Method 209
10.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 209
References 210
11 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Smart Materials and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Review 215
S. Grace Infantiya, D. Anbuselvi and N. Suthanthira Vanitha
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 What are Smart Materials 218
11.3 Smart Materials vs. Conventional Materials 221
11.3.1 Properties and Functionalities 221
11.3.1.1 Conventional Materials 221
11.3.1.2 Smart Materials 221
11.3.2 Sensitivity and Adaptability 222
11.3.2.1 Conventional Materials 222
11.3.2.2 Smart Materials 223
11.4 Classifications of Smart Materials 223
11.4.1 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 224
11.4.1.1 Stimulation Mechanisms for Shape Memory Polymers 224
11.4.1.2 Applications of Shape Memory Polymers 228
11.4.2 Photo-Sensitive Polymers (PSPs) 229
11.4.2.1 Types and Operational Principles 229
11.4.2.2 Applications in Smart Coatings and Sensors 230
11.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 231
11.4.3.1 Properties 232
11.4.3.2 Applications of Carbon-Based Stimuli-Responsive Materials 232
11.5 Further Research Insights 234
11.6 Conclusions 236
References 237
12 Health Empowering Materials and Its Applications in Medical Healthcare 241
N. Thiyagarajan, V. Loganathan, K. Vishnulakshmi, Veena Raj and K. Swathy
12.1 Introduction 242
12.1.1 Medical Implants Made of Biomaterials 243
12.1.2 Implants for Orthopedics 243
12.1.3 Cardiovascular Implants 243
12.1.4 Implants in Dentistry 244
12.1.5 Brain Implants 244
12.1.6 Implants Made of Soft Tissue 244
12.2 Drug Delivery Technology and Nanotechnology 244
12.2.1 Drug Administration Systems Based on Nanoparticles 244
12.2.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 245
12.2.3 Managed Release Frameworks 246
12.2.4 Theranostic Nanoparticles 246
12.2.5 Customized Medical Care 246
12.2.6 Novel Nanotechnology 246
12.3 Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 246
12.3.1 Biomaterial Ensembles 247
12.3.2 Using Stem Cells in Therapy 247
12.3.3 Biochemical Cues and Developmental Elements 248
12.3.4 Bioprinting in 3D 248
12.3.5 Regeneration of Organs 248
12.3.6 Regenerative Therapies and Clinical Translation 248
12.4 Types of Nanoparticles 248
12.4.1 Micelles 249
12.4.2 Liposomes 249
12.4.3 Dendrimers 249
12.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes 250
12.4.5 Metallic Nanoparticles 250
12.4.6 Quantum Dots 250
12.5 Application of Organic Nanomaterials 250
12.5.1 Various Applications of Nanoliposomes 250
12.5.2 Graphene's Usage in the Medical Field 251
12.5.3 Application of Metal-Organic Frame 251
12.6 Embedded and Wearable Sensors 252
12.6.1 Monitoring Patients Remotely 252
12.6.2 Health and Wellness Tracking 252
12.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations in Health- Empowering Materials 253
12.7.1 Regulatory Approval Procedures 253
12.7.2 Moral Issues 253
12.8 Developing Technologies and Future Paths 253
12.8.1 The Fields of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine 253
12.8.2 Cutting-Edge Biomaterials 254
12.8.3 Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Treatments 254
12.8.4 Healthcare with Precision and Personalized Medicine 254
12.8.5 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 254
12.9 Clinical Applications and Case Studies 254
12.9.1 Implanted Health Care Equipment 255
12.9.2 Methods of Drug Delivery 255
12.9.3 Bioengineering and Regenerative Health Sciences 255
12.9.4 Devices for Wearable Health Monitoring 255
12.10 Conclusion 256
References 256
Index 261
